# roof.wiki

> An independent, sourced encyclopedia of roofing worldwide: materials, systems, components, installation methods, standards and codes, manufacturers, organizations, history and regional roofing traditions.

Every entry lists its sources. Full dataset (JSON): https://roof.wiki/data/entries.json

## Roofing Materials

- [Alaskan Yellow Cedar](https://roof.wiki/alaskan-yellow-cedar/): A slow-growing Pacific Northwest cypress whose hard, durable wood is used for premium shingles, shakes and heritage roof repairs.
- [Algae-Resistant Shingle](https://roof.wiki/algae-resistant-shingle/): An asphalt shingle containing copper- or zinc-coated granules that release ions to inhibit the dark streaks caused by roof algae.
- [Aluminium Roofing](https://roof.wiki/aluminum-roofing/): Aluminium roofing uses light, rust-free aluminium alloy sheet, usually factory-painted, and is favoured near salt water where coated steel corrodes faster.
- [Architectural Shingle](https://roof.wiki/architectural-shingle/): A laminated asphalt shingle made of two or more bonded layers, giving a thicker, textured, multi-dimensional appearance.
- [Ardennes Slate](https://roof.wiki/ardennes-slate/): Roofing slate from the Ardennes uplands of Belgium, France and Luxembourg, quarried from the Middle Ages until the late 20th century.
- [Asbestos-Cement Roofing](https://roof.wiki/asbestos-cement-roofing/): Roof sheets and slates made of cement reinforced with asbestos fibres, widely used in the 20th century and now banned in many countries as a health hazard.
- [Asphalt Shingle](https://roof.wiki/asphalt-shingle/): A flexible roofing unit made of a mat coated in asphalt and surfaced with mineral granules, laid in overlapping courses on pitched roofs.
- [Attap Roof](https://roof.wiki/attap-roof/): Attap is the nipa-palm leaf thatch of the Malay world, once standard on kampong houses in Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei and Indonesia.
- [Bamboo Roofing](https://roof.wiki/bamboo-roofing/): Roofs built with bamboo, either as split culms laid like interlocking half-pipes or as a frame for thatch and other coverings, common in tropical Asia and Latin America.
- [Beaver-Tail Tile](https://roof.wiki/beaver-tail-tile/): A flat clay roof tile with a rounded or shaped tail, known in German as Biberschwanz; traditional in southern and eastern Germany and central Europe.
- [Bitumen Shingle](https://roof.wiki/bitumen-shingle/): The usual European name for an asphalt shingle: a glass-fibre mat coated with bitumen and granules, nailed to a continuous deck.
- [Brazilian Slate](https://roof.wiki/brazilian-slate/): Slate from Minas Gerais, Brazil; widely used for flooring and cladding but generally considered less suited to roofing in freezing climates.
- [Clay Roof Tile](https://roof.wiki/clay-roof-tile/): A roofing unit moulded or extruded from clay and fired in a kiln; one of the oldest and most widespread roof coverings in the world.
- [Collyweston Stone Slate](https://roof.wiki/collyweston-stone-slate/): A frost-split limestone roofing slate from Collyweston, Northamptonshire, England, traditionally exposed to winter frosts to make it split.
- [Colorbond Steel](https://roof.wiki/colorbond-steel/): Colorbond is an Australian prepainted steel product line made by BlueScope, first produced in 1966 and ubiquitous on Australian roofs.
- [Combed Wheat Reed](https://roof.wiki/combed-wheat-reed/): Wheat straw combed to remove leaf and grain and laid butt-end down, giving a neat finish; traditional in south-west England, where it is called Devon reed.
- [Concrete Roof Tile](https://roof.wiki/concrete-roof-tile/): A roof tile moulded from sand, cement and pigment; a heavy, economical alternative to clay made in many profiles worldwide.
- [Copper Patina](https://roof.wiki/copper-patina/): Copper patina is the stable green or blue-green film of copper salts that forms on copper roofs over years of weathering and protects the metal.
- [Copper Roofing](https://roof.wiki/copper-roofing/): Copper roofing uses soft cold-rolled copper sheet, typically 16 or 20 oz per square foot, which weathers from bright salmon to brown and eventually green.
- [Corrugated Bitumen Sheet](https://roof.wiki/corrugated-bitumen-sheet/): A lightweight corrugated roofing sheet of plant fibres saturated with bitumen, used on sheds, outbuildings and agricultural roofs.
- [Corrugated Fibre-Cement Sheet](https://roof.wiki/corrugated-fibre-cement-sheet/): A large corrugated roofing sheet of fibre-reinforced cement, used mainly on agricultural, industrial and utility buildings.
- [Corrugated Iron (Corrugated Galvanised Iron)](https://roof.wiki/corrugated-iron/): Corrugated iron is sheet metal rolled into parallel waves for stiffness; patented in 1829, it became a defining roofing material of farms, colonies and industry.
- [Cotswold Stone Slate](https://roof.wiki/cotswold-stone-slate/): Limestone roofing slates from the Cotswolds of England, laid in diminishing courses on steep roofs and fixed with oak pegs.
- [Delabole Slate](https://roof.wiki/delabole-slate/): Roofing slate from the Delabole quarry in north Cornwall, worked continuously since the 15th century and one of England's largest slate quarries.
- [Designer Shingle](https://roof.wiki/designer-shingle/): A heavy, multi-layer asphalt shingle shaped and coloured to imitate slate, wood shake or other premium roofing.
- [Fibre-Cement Slate](https://roof.wiki/fibre-cement-slate/): A thin, flat roofing slate made of cement reinforced with fibres; a uniform, lower-cost manufactured alternative to natural slate.
- [Fibreglass Shingle](https://roof.wiki/fiberglass-shingle/): An asphalt shingle built on a glass-fibre mat; the dominant form of asphalt shingle sold today.
- [Galvalume (55% Aluminium-Zinc Coated Steel)](https://roof.wiki/galvalume/): Galvalume is steel sheet hot-dip coated with an alloy of about 55% aluminium, 43% zinc and 1.5% silicon; it is the most common substrate for coated-steel roofs.
- [Galvanized Steel Roofing](https://roof.wiki/galvanized-steel-roofing/): Galvanized steel roofing is sheet steel coated with zinc, usually by hot-dipping, so the zinc corrodes sacrificially and protects the steel underneath.
- [German Roofing Slate](https://roof.wiki/german-roofing-slate/): Roofing slate from Germany's Mosel, Hunsrück, Sauerland and Thuringian deposits, added to the IUGS heritage stone list in 2024.
- [Glazed Roof Tile](https://roof.wiki/glazed-roof-tile/): A clay roof tile coated with a glassy glaze before firing, giving a glossy, coloured surface; prominent in East Asian and some European architecture.
- [Handsplit Shake](https://roof.wiki/handsplit-shake/): A wooden shake with at least one face split along the grain, giving a rough, textured surface; often made as handsplit-and-resawn.
- [Horsham Stone](https://roof.wiki/horsham-stone/): A flaggy Cretaceous sandstone from the Weald around Horsham, England, split into heavy roofing slabs for churches, barns and manor houses.
- [IBR Roof Sheeting](https://roof.wiki/ibr-roof-sheeting/): IBR (inverted box rib) is a trapezoidal profiled steel roof and wall sheet widely used in southern Africa, typically covering 686 mm per sheet.
- [Ijuk Thatch](https://roof.wiki/ijuk-thatch/): Ijuk is the black fibre of the sugar palm, used in Indonesia as durable thatch and binding cord on Minangkabau, Batak and Balinese roofs.
- [Impact-Resistant Shingle](https://roof.wiki/impact-resistant-shingle/): A roofing product rated for hail resistance, most often to UL 2218 Class 4, the highest class, tested with a 2 in (51 mm) steel ball.
- [Interlocking Clay Tile](https://roof.wiki/interlocking-clay-tile/): A pressed clay roof tile with grooves on its sides and head that lock into neighbouring tiles; the French or Marseille tile is the classic form.
- [Lead Roofing](https://roof.wiki/lead-roofing/): Lead roofing uses heavy, highly malleable rolled lead sheet for flat roofs, dormers, bays and flashings, laid in limited bay sizes to control creep and movement.
- [Long Straw Thatch](https://roof.wiki/long-straw-thatch/): Thatch made from threshed wheat or rye straw laid with ears and butts mixed, giving a shaggy, 'poured-on' look; traditional in lowland England.
- [Metal Roof Tiles (Press-Formed Tile Sheets)](https://roof.wiki/metal-roof-tiles/): Metal roof tiles are steel or aluminium sheets press-formed into rows of tile shapes, either painted or stone-coated, to give a tiled look at light weight.
- [Metal Roofing](https://roof.wiki/metal-roofing/): Metal roofing is any roof covering made from sheet metal, such as coated steel, aluminium, copper, zinc or lead, formed into panels, shingles or tiles.
- [Metal Shingles and Shakes](https://roof.wiki/metal-shingles/): Metal shingles are small locking units of steel, aluminium, copper or stainless steel stamped to resemble slate, wood shake or asphalt shingles.
- [Mission Tile](https://roof.wiki/mission-tile/): A two-piece curved clay roof tile system of half-round pans and covers, also called barrel tile or monk-and-nun tile.
- [Mud Roof](https://roof.wiki/mud-roof/): A roof finished with compacted earth or clay over timber beams and a layer of matting or brush, traditional in dry regions worldwide; also called an earth roof.
- [Natural Slate](https://roof.wiki/natural-slate/): A fine-grained metamorphic rock split into thin, durable roofing units; among the longest-lasting roof coverings in use.
- [Organic-Mat Shingle](https://roof.wiki/organic-mat-shingle/): An older type of asphalt shingle built on a felt mat of paper, rag or wood fibre, largely discontinued in North America by 2011.
- [Palm and Grass Thatch](https://roof.wiki/palm-thatch/): Thatch made from palm fronds, leaves or tropical grasses, used for traditional and resort buildings across tropical Africa, Asia, the Pacific and the Americas.
- [Pantile](https://roof.wiki/pantile/): A single-lap clay roof tile with an S-shaped profile that combines the functions of pan and cover in one piece.
- [Plain Tile](https://roof.wiki/plain-tile/): A small, flat roof tile, traditionally clay, hung on battens in double-lap courses so that every point of the roof is covered by at least two tiles.
- [Polycarbonate Roofing Sheet](https://roof.wiki/polycarbonate-roofing-sheet/): A tough, transparent or translucent plastic sheet used for rooflights, conservatories, patio covers and greenhouses; sold as corrugated or multiwall panels.
- [Pre-Weathered Zinc](https://roof.wiki/pre-weathered-zinc/): Pre-weathered zinc is titanium-zinc sheet given a factory surface treatment so it looks like naturally weathered grey zinc from the day it is installed.
- [Rammed Earth](https://roof.wiki/rammed-earth/): Walls made by compacting damp earth in layers inside formwork; durable when protected by large roof overhangs and a dry base.
- [Roll Roofing](https://roof.wiki/roll-roofing/): Asphalt-saturated felt or mat supplied in rolls and surfaced with mineral granules, used as an economical exposed roof covering on low-slope and utility roofs.
- [Roofing Granules](https://roof.wiki/roofing-granules/): Crushed, often ceramic-coated mineral particles embedded in the top surface of asphalt shingles and roll roofing to block UV light and add colour.
- [Rubber Shingle](https://roof.wiki/rubber-shingle/): A roofing shingle made largely from recycled rubber, often from vehicle tyres, moulded to look like slate or wood shake.
- [Sago Palm Thatch](https://roof.wiki/sago-palm-thatch/): Roof thatch made from sago palm (Metroxylon) leaves, used across Melanesia; called natangura in Vanuatu.
- [Scottish Slate](https://roof.wiki/scottish-slate/): Natural roofing slate once quarried in Scotland's West Highlands, Highland Border and Aberdeenshire; none has been quarried since 1965.
- [Sod Roof](https://roof.wiki/sod-roof/): A traditional Scandinavian roof of turf laid over layers of birch bark on gently sloping boards; the forerunner of modern green roofs.
- [Solar Shingle](https://roof.wiki/solar-shingle/): A photovoltaic module shaped and installed like a roofing shingle or tile, so that it forms part of the roof covering while generating electricity.
- [Spanish Slate](https://roof.wiki/spanish-slate/): Natural roofing slate from north-west Spain, mainly Galicia; Spain supplies about 90% of Europe's roofing slate.
- [Spanish Tile](https://roof.wiki/spanish-tile/): A one-piece clay or concrete roof tile with a deep S-curve that imitates two-piece barrel tiling in a single unit.
- [Stainless Steel Roofing](https://roof.wiki/stainless-steel-roofing/): Stainless steel roofing uses chromium-alloyed steel sheet, either bare or tin-coated, for long-life standing seam, seamed or shingle roofs.
- [Standing Seam Metal Roof](https://roof.wiki/standing-seam-metal-roof/): A standing seam roof uses long metal pans joined by raised seams and held down by concealed clips, so no fasteners pierce the weathering surface.
- [Stone Slate](https://roof.wiki/stone-slate/): A roofing unit split from sedimentary limestone or sandstone, laid in diminishing courses; traditional in parts of Britain, France and the Alps.
- [Stone-Coated Steel Roofing](https://roof.wiki/stone-coated-steel/): Stone-coated steel roofing is pressed metallic-coated steel panels bonded with natural stone granules to look like tile, shake or shingle.
- [Stonesfield Slate](https://roof.wiki/stonesfield-slate/): A frost-split Jurassic limestone roofing slate from Stonesfield, Oxfordshire, used on prestigious Cotswold and Oxford buildings and famous for its fossils.
- [Synthetic Shake](https://roof.wiki/synthetic-shake/): A polymer or rubber roofing product moulded to imitate split cedar shakes, with lower maintenance and fire risk than wood.
- [Synthetic Slate](https://roof.wiki/synthetic-slate/): A roofing tile moulded from polymers such as polypropylene, polyethylene or rubber with mineral fillers, made to look like natural slate.
- [T-Lock Shingle](https://roof.wiki/t-lock-shingle/): An asphalt shingle with a T-shaped profile that hooks into neighbouring shingles instead of relying on a sealant strip; production ended around 2006.
- [Tapersawn Shake](https://roof.wiki/tapersawn-shake/): A thick wooden shake sawn on both faces to a taper, combining the bulk of a shake with the smoother look of a sawn shingle.
- [Tejuela (Chilean Wood Shingle)](https://roof.wiki/tejuela/): Hand-split wooden shingle of southern Chile and adjoining Argentina, used to clad roofs and walls, notably in Chiloé and Aysén.
- [Terne-Coated Stainless Steel (TCS)](https://roof.wiki/terne-coated-stainless-steel/): Terne-coated stainless steel is stainless sheet with a thin tin coating that weathers to matte grey; it replaced traditional lead-tin terne plate.
- [Terracotta](https://roof.wiki/terracotta/): Fired, usually unglazed clay, typically reddish from iron oxide; in roofing the word is often used for natural clay tiles.
- [Thatch](https://roof.wiki/thatch/): A roof covering of dry plant stems such as reed, straw, sedge, palm or grass, laid thickly so rain runs off the outer layer.
- [Three-Tab Shingle](https://roof.wiki/three-tab-shingle/): A single-layer asphalt strip shingle whose lower edge is divided by two cutouts into three equal tabs, giving a flat, uniform roof pattern.
- [Through-Fastened (Exposed-Fastener) Metal Panels](https://roof.wiki/through-fastened-metal-panels/): Through-fastened metal panels are corrugated or ribbed sheets screwed through their face into the roof structure, with sealing washers under each screw head.
- [Verdigris](https://roof.wiki/verdigris/): Verdigris is a green copper acetate compound; the word is often used loosely for the natural green patina on copper roofs, which is chemically different.
- [Vermont Slate](https://roof.wiki/vermont-slate/): Natural roofing slate from the Slate Valley of western Vermont and eastern New York, one of the few sources of naturally coloured slate.
- [Vietnamese Yin-Yang Tile (Ngói Âm Dương)](https://roof.wiki/vietnamese-yin-yang-tile/): Ngói âm dương, a thin handmade curved clay tile from northern Vietnam laid alternately face up and face down; still made by Tay and Nung craftspeople.
- [Water Reed Thatch](https://roof.wiki/water-reed-thatch/): Thatch made from the stems of common reed harvested from wetlands; the most durable thatching material in northern Europe.
- [Welsh Slate](https://roof.wiki/welsh-slate/): Roofing slate quarried in north-west Wales, historically the world's leading source and now part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
- [Western Red Cedar](https://roof.wiki/western-red-cedar/): Thuja plicata, a Pacific Northwest tree whose light, decay-resistant heartwood is the main species for wood shingles and shakes in North America.
- [Wood Shake](https://roof.wiki/wood-shake/): A thick, rough-textured wooden roofing unit split from a log on at least one face, giving a rugged, deeply shadowed roof.
- [Wood Shingle](https://roof.wiki/wood-shingle/): A thin, tapered piece of wood, sawn on both faces, laid in overlapping courses as a roof or wall covering.
- [Zinc Roofing (Titanium-Zinc)](https://roof.wiki/zinc-roofing/): Zinc roofing uses an alloy of zinc with small amounts of copper and titanium that weathers to a self-healing blue-grey patina and is common in Europe.

## Low-Slope & Flat Roof Systems

- [Acrylic Roof Coating](https://roof.wiki/acrylic-roof-coating/): A water-based elastomeric coating, usually white, applied to low-slope roofs for reflectivity and weather protection; generally not suited to ponding water.
- [APP Modified Bitumen](https://roof.wiki/app-modified-bitumen/): Modified bitumen membrane made with atactic polypropylene, giving a stiff, heat-resistant sheet that is normally torch-applied.
- [Ballasted Roof System](https://roof.wiki/ballasted-roof-system/): A low-slope roof in which the membrane and insulation are loose-laid and held down by the weight of stone or concrete pavers.
- [Built-Up Roofing (BUR)](https://roof.wiki/built-up-roofing/): A low-slope roof membrane made of several plies of reinforcing felt laminated with hot or cold bitumen, usually finished with gravel or a cap sheet.
- [Cellular Glass Insulation](https://roof.wiki/cellular-glass-insulation/): Rigid, closed-cell insulation made by foaming crushed glass, impermeable to water and vapour and able to carry heavy loads on roofs.
- [Coal-Tar Pitch Roofing](https://roof.wiki/coal-tar-pitch-roofing/): Built-up roofing that uses coal-tar pitch, a by-product of coking coal, as the bitumen, valued for slow ageing and limited to very low slopes.
- [Cold-Applied Roofing](https://roof.wiki/cold-applied-roofing/): Roofing installed without heat, using adhesives, cold-process bitumen or liquid resins instead of torches or hot kettles.
- [Coping](https://roof.wiki/coping/): The capping on top of a parapet or wall that sheds water and protects the wall and the roof membrane termination beneath it.
- [Cover Board](https://roof.wiki/cover-board/): A thin, firm board laid over roof insulation, or over an old roof, to protect it and provide a solid, compatible surface for the membrane.
- [Cricket (Saddle)](https://roof.wiki/cricket-roofing/): A small raised ridge built on a roof to divert water around a chimney, curb or other obstruction, or between drains on a low-slope roof.
- [CSPE (Hypalon) Roofing](https://roof.wiki/cspe-hypalon-roofing/): Single-ply roofing made from chlorosulfonated polyethylene, sold mainly as DuPont Hypalon; production for the Americas ended in 2010.
- [EPDM Roofing](https://roof.wiki/epdm-roofing/): Synthetic rubber single-ply membrane, usually black, joined with seam tapes or adhesives, and installed ballasted, mechanically attached or fully adhered.
- [EPS (Expanded Polystyrene) Roof Insulation](https://roof.wiki/eps-insulation/): Lightweight closed-cell insulation board made by steam-expanding polystyrene beads, widely used in flat and tapered form on low-slope roofs.
- [Fully Adhered Roof System](https://roof.wiki/fully-adhered-roof-system/): A low-slope roof in which the entire underside of the membrane is bonded to the substrate with adhesive or by heat, with no loose areas.
- [Gravel-Surfaced Roof (Flood Coat and Gravel)](https://roof.wiki/gravel-surfaced-roof/): A built-up roof finish in which loose aggregate is embedded in a thick top pour of hot bitumen to shield the membrane from sun, hail and traffic.
- [GRP (Fibreglass) Flat Roofing](https://roof.wiki/grp-fibreglass-roofing/): A flat-roof covering of polyester resin and chopped glass-fibre mat laminated on site over a timber deck and finished with a pigmented topcoat.
- [Hot-Melt Rubberised Bitumen](https://roof.wiki/hot-melt-rubberized-asphalt/): A thick, seamless waterproofing of polymer-modified bitumen melted on site and applied hot with fabric reinforcement, mainly for inverted, podium and buried roofs.
- [Induction Welding (Roofing)](https://roof.wiki/induction-welding-roofing/): Attaching single-ply membrane by bonding it to coated plates fastened to the deck, using an induction heating tool, so the sheet is not pierced.
- [KEE Roofing Membrane](https://roof.wiki/kee-roofing-membrane/): Single-ply membrane based on ketone ethylene ester, a high-molecular-weight polymer that keeps PVC flexible without migrating plasticisers.
- [Liquid-Applied Roofing](https://roof.wiki/liquid-applied-roofing/): Seamless waterproofing formed by applying liquid resin by brush, roller or spray, often with a fleece or fabric reinforcement, that cures into a membrane.
- [Low-Slope Roof](https://roof.wiki/low-slope-roof/): A roof with only a slight incline, usually 2:12 or less, covered with a continuous waterproof membrane rather than overlapping shingles or tiles.
- [Low-Slope Roof Insulation](https://roof.wiki/roof-insulation/): Rigid board or sprayed insulation laid above the deck of a low-slope roof, chosen for long-term thermal value, strength, fire and moisture behaviour.
- [Mastic Asphalt Roofing](https://roof.wiki/mastic-asphalt-roofing/): A traditional UK and European flat-roof waterproofing of hot bitumen and fine mineral aggregate, spread by hand into a seamless, monolithic layer.
- [Mechanically Attached Roof System](https://roof.wiki/mechanically-attached-roof-system/): A low-slope roof in which the membrane is secured to the deck with screws and plates or bars, typically placed in the sheet laps.
- [Mineral Wool Roof Insulation](https://roof.wiki/mineral-wool-roof-insulation/): Dense non-combustible boards of stone or slag fibres used as flat-roof insulation where fire resistance, acoustics or dimensional stability matter.
- [Modified Bitumen Roofing](https://roof.wiki/modified-bitumen-roofing/): Factory-made roofing sheets of asphalt blended with polymers such as SBS or APP and reinforced with polyester or glass fibre, laid in one or more plies.
- [Overflow (Secondary) Roof Drainage](https://roof.wiki/overflow-drainage/): Emergency drains or scuppers set above the primary drains so that water can leave a low-slope roof if the main outlets are blocked.
- [Parapet (Roof)](https://roof.wiki/parapet/): The part of an exterior wall that rises above the roof edge, providing fall protection, fire separation and a termination for the roof membrane.
- [PIB Roofing Membrane](https://roof.wiki/pib-roofing-membrane/): Single-ply membrane made from polyisobutylene, usually fleece-backed with a welding edge, long used in Germany and compatible with bitumen.
- [PMMA Liquid Roofing](https://roof.wiki/pmma-roofing/): Fast-curing two-part polymethyl methacrylate resin, reinforced with polyester fleece, used for flat roofs, flashing details, balconies and walkways.
- [Polyiso (Polyisocyanurate) Roof Insulation](https://roof.wiki/polyiso-insulation/): Rigid thermoset foam board with facers, the most common low-slope roof insulation in North America, valued for high thermal resistance per thickness.
- [Ponding Water](https://roof.wiki/ponding-water/): Water that stays on a low-slope roof after rain, commonly defined as water remaining 48 hours after the rain stops.
- [Positive Drainage and Roof Falls](https://roof.wiki/positive-drainage/): The design principle that a low-slope roof must have enough built-in slope (fall) to shed water within a set time, allowing for deflection and tolerances.
- [Protected Membrane Roof (Inverted Roof)](https://roof.wiki/protected-membrane-roof/): A low-slope roof in which the insulation is placed above the waterproofing, protecting it, and is held down by ballast or paving.
- [PVC Roofing](https://roof.wiki/pvc-roofing/): Polyvinyl chloride single-ply membrane made flexible with plasticisers and joined by hot-air welding; the first single-ply type standardised in the US.
- [Reinforced Bitumen Membrane (RBM)](https://roof.wiki/reinforced-bitumen-membrane/): The UK and European term for factory-made bitumen roofing sheets with polyester or glass reinforcement, laid in multi-layer systems on flat roofs.
- [Roof Coating and Restoration](https://roof.wiki/roof-coating/): A fluid-applied layer, such as acrylic, silicone or polyurethane, applied over a sound existing roof to waterproof it, reflect sunlight and extend its service life.
- [Roof Deck (Low-Slope)](https://roof.wiki/roof-deck/): The structural surface that supports a low-slope roof assembly, commonly steel, concrete, wood, poured gypsum or cementitious wood fibre.
- [Roof Drain (Internal Drain)](https://roof.wiki/roof-drain/): An outlet set into the field of a low-slope roof that collects rainwater and carries it down through pipes inside the building.
- [Roof Walkway Pad](https://roof.wiki/roof-walkway-pad/): A protective pad or roll laid on a low-slope roof membrane to create a traffic path and prevent wear and puncture from foot traffic.
- [Roofing Asphalt (BUR Asphalt Types)](https://roof.wiki/roofing-asphalt/): Oxidised asphalt graded by softening point (ASTM D312 Types I-IV) for mopping built-up and modified bitumen roofs at different slopes.
- [SBS Modified Bitumen](https://roof.wiki/sbs-modified-bitumen/): Modified bitumen membrane made elastic with styrene-butadiene-styrene rubber, installed by torch, hot asphalt, cold adhesive or self-adhesion.
- [Scupper](https://roof.wiki/scupper/): An opening through a parapet or roof edge that lets water drain off a low-slope roof, either as the primary outlet or as an emergency overflow.
- [Self-Adhered Roofing Membrane](https://roof.wiki/self-adhered-membrane/): A roofing sheet supplied with factory-applied adhesive under a release film, bonded by peeling the film and pressing the sheet down.
- [Silicone Roof Coating](https://roof.wiki/silicone-roof-coating/): A high-solids, UV-stable elastomeric coating used for low-slope roof restoration and SPF protection; many products tolerate ponding water.
- [Single-Ply Roofing](https://roof.wiki/single-ply-roofing/): Low-slope roofing that uses one layer of factory-made polymer sheet, such as TPO, PVC, EPDM or PIB, joined at seams and held by ballast, fasteners or adhesive.
- [Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF) Roofing](https://roof.wiki/spray-polyurethane-foam-roofing/): A seamless roof made by spraying two-part rigid polyurethane foam onto the substrate and covering it with an elastomeric coating or aggregate.
- [Tapered Insulation](https://roof.wiki/tapered-insulation/): Roof insulation boards cut with a built-in slope and laid in a planned sequence to create falls toward drains on a level deck.
- [TPO Roofing](https://roof.wiki/tpo-roofing/): Thermoplastic polyolefin single-ply membrane, usually white and scrim-reinforced, joined by hot-air welding; the most widely used US low-slope membrane.
- [Vapour Retarder (Vapour Control Layer)](https://roof.wiki/vapor-retarder/): A layer placed on the warm side of roof insulation to limit water vapour moving from the building into the roof, where it could condense.
- [XPS (Extruded Polystyrene) Roof Insulation](https://roof.wiki/xps-insulation/): Closed-cell polystyrene foam board made by extrusion, with low water absorption, used above the membrane in inverted and green roofs.

## Roof Components

- [Apron and Headwall Flashing](https://roof.wiki/apron-flashing/): Apron flashing is a continuous flashing where the top of a roof slope butts against a wall, or across the downhill face of a chimney.
- [Bargeboard](https://roof.wiki/bargeboard/): A bargeboard is a board fixed along the sloping edge of a gable roof, covering the ends of the roof structure, often decoratively carved.
- [Chimney Cricket (Saddle)](https://roof.wiki/chimney-cricket/): A chimney cricket, or saddle, is a small ridged structure built on the uphill side of a chimney to divert water and debris around it.
- [Chimney Flashing](https://roof.wiki/chimney-flashing/): Chimney flashing is the combination of apron, step or soaker, counter and back flashings, sometimes with a cricket, that seals a chimney where it passes through a roof.
- [Cold Roof](https://roof.wiki/cold-roof/): A cold roof is a pitched roof insulated at ceiling level, leaving a ventilated, unheated loft or attic space between the insulation and the roof covering.
- [Collar Tie and Collar Beam](https://roof.wiki/collar-tie/): A collar is a horizontal member joining opposite rafters above their base; depending on position it either resists sag (collar beam) or spreading (collar tie).
- [Counter-Flashing](https://roof.wiki/counter-flashing/): Counter-flashing is a cap of metal fixed into or onto a wall or chimney that covers the top edge of the base or step flashing beneath it.
- [Dormer](https://roof.wiki/dormer/): A dormer is a roofed structure, usually holding a window, that projects vertically from a pitched roof to add headroom and light to the space below.
- [Downspout (Downpipe)](https://roof.wiki/downspout/): A downspout, or downpipe, is a vertical pipe that carries rainwater from a roof gutter down to the ground, a drain or a storage tank.
- [Drip Edge](https://roof.wiki/drip-edge/): A drip edge is a formed metal flashing fixed along the eaves and rakes that carries water clear of the fascia and protects the edge of the roof deck.
- [Eave Protection (Canada)](https://roof.wiki/eave-protection/): Eave protection is the Canadian building code requirement for a waterproof membrane at the lower edge of shingle, shake and tile roofs to resist ice-dam leaks.
- [Eaves](https://roof.wiki/eaves/): The eaves are the lower, horizontal edges of a roof that overhang the walls, shedding rainwater clear of the building.
- [Fascia](https://roof.wiki/fascia/): A fascia is the vertical board fixed along the ends of the rafters at the eaves, closing the roof edge and usually supporting the gutter.
- [Hip (Roof)](https://roof.wiki/roof-hip/): A hip is the external, sloping edge formed where two roof planes meet at an outside corner, running from the eaves up to the ridge.
- [Ice and Water Shield (Self-Adhered Ice Barrier)](https://roof.wiki/ice-and-water-shield/): Ice and water shield is a self-adhering polymer-modified bitumen membrane applied at eaves, valleys and penetrations to stop water backed up by ice dams.
- [Kickout Flashing (Diverter)](https://roof.wiki/kickout-flashing/): Kickout flashing is a bent piece of flashing at the bottom of a roof-to-wall junction that turns water away from the wall and into the gutter.
- [King Post Truss](https://roof.wiki/king-post-truss/): A king post truss is a simple triangular roof frame with a single central vertical post rising from the tie beam to the apex.
- [Lead Soakers](https://roof.wiki/lead-soakers/): Lead soakers are small sheets of lead interleaved with each course of slates or tiles at an abutment, the UK and Irish counterpart of step flashing.
- [Metal Roof Fasteners](https://roof.wiki/metal-roof-fasteners/): Metal roofs are attached with screws, clips, cleats and nails whose metal must suit the panel, substrate and exposure.
- [Metal Roof Paint Systems (Polyester, SMP, PVDF, Plastisol)](https://roof.wiki/metal-roof-paint-systems/): Factory paint systems for metal roofing range from polyester and SMP to PVDF and thick plastisol, differing in durability, colour retention and cost.
- [Pipe Boot (Vent Pipe Flashing)](https://roof.wiki/pipe-boot/): A pipe boot is a flashing collar that seals a plumbing vent or other round pipe where it passes through the roof covering.
- [Purlin](https://roof.wiki/purlin/): A purlin is a horizontal roof member running along the length of a roof, parallel to the ridge, that supports rafters or roof sheeting between main frames.
- [PVDF Coatings (Kynar 500, Hylar 5000)](https://roof.wiki/pvdf-coating/): PVDF coatings are factory-applied fluoropolymer paints for metal roofing, prized for long-term colour and gloss retention under strong sunlight.
- [Queen Post Truss](https://roof.wiki/queen-post-truss/): A queen post truss is a roof frame with two vertical posts set either side of centre on the tie beam, linked at the top by a straining beam.
- [Rafter](https://roof.wiki/rafter/): A rafter is a sloping structural member that runs from the ridge or hip down to the wall plate and carries the roof deck and covering.
- [Rain Chain](https://roof.wiki/rain-chain/): A rain chain is a chain or series of linked cups hung from a gutter outlet that guides rainwater to the ground as a decorative alternative to a downspout.
- [Rain Gutter](https://roof.wiki/rain-gutter/): A rain gutter is a channel fixed along the eaves that collects water running off the roof and carries it to downspouts, protecting walls and foundations.
- [Rake and Verge](https://roof.wiki/roof-rake/): The rake (US) or verge (UK) is the sloping edge of a roof at a gable end, running from the eaves up to the ridge.
- [Ridge Board and Ridge Beam](https://roof.wiki/ridge-board/): A ridge board is a non-structural board at the roof apex that rafters bear against; a ridge beam is a structural beam that carries the rafters' upper ends.
- [Ridge Vent](https://roof.wiki/ridge-vent/): A ridge vent is a continuous exhaust vent along the ridge of a pitched roof that lets warm, moist air escape from the attic through a slot in the deck.
- [Roof Battens and Counter-Battens](https://roof.wiki/roof-battens/): Roof battens are strips fixed across rafters to hang tiles, slates or sheets; counter-battens run up the slope beneath them to make a drainage gap.
- [Roof Flashing](https://roof.wiki/roof-flashing/): Roof flashing is thin sheet metal or membrane installed at joints, edges and penetrations to direct water away from places where the roof covering is interrupted.
- [Roof Pitch and Slope](https://roof.wiki/roof-pitch/): Roof pitch describes how steep a roof is, expressed as rise over run (such as 6:12 or 6/12), as an angle in degrees, or as a percentage.
- [Roof Ridge](https://roof.wiki/roof-ridge/): The ridge is the horizontal line at the top of a pitched roof where two sloping planes meet; it is capped with ridge tiles, cap shingles or metal.
- [Roof Sheathing (Roof Deck)](https://roof.wiki/roof-sheathing/): Roof sheathing, or decking, is the layer of panels or boards fixed over rafters or trusses that forms the surface the underlayment and roof covering are attached to.
- [Roof Truss](https://roof.wiki/roof-truss/): A roof truss is a prefabricated or site-built triangulated frame that spans between walls to support a roof, replacing individual rafters and joists.
- [Roof Valley](https://roof.wiki/roof-valley/): A roof valley is the internal angle where two sloping roof planes meet, forming a channel that collects and carries water down to the eaves.
- [Roof Ventilation](https://roof.wiki/roof-ventilation/): Roof ventilation is the controlled flow of outside air through an attic or roof space, usually in at the eaves and out near the ridge, to remove moisture and heat.
- [Roofing Fasteners (Nails and Screws)](https://roof.wiki/roofing-fasteners/): Roofing fasteners are the nails, screws and clips that secure decks, underlayments and roof coverings, chosen for holding power and corrosion resistance.
- [Roofing Felt (#15 and #30)](https://roof.wiki/roofing-felt/): Roofing felt is a bitumen-saturated base sheet used as underlayment; in North America it is sold as #15 and #30 grades under ASTM D226.
- [Roofing Underlayment](https://roof.wiki/roofing-underlayment/): Roofing underlayment is the water-resistant sheet laid over the roof deck or rafters beneath the roof covering, acting as a secondary barrier against water.
- [Rosin Paper Slip Sheet](https://roof.wiki/rosin-paper-slip-sheet/): A rosin paper slip sheet is a layer of rosin-sized building paper laid under copper and other seamed metal roofs so the metal can slide over the underlayment.
- [Skip Sheathing (Spaced Sheathing)](https://roof.wiki/skip-sheathing/): Skip sheathing is roof decking made of boards laid with gaps between them, traditionally used under wood shingles and shakes to let them dry.
- [Skylight and Roof Window](https://roof.wiki/skylight/): A skylight is a glazed opening in a roof that admits daylight; an opening skylight within reach of occupants is usually called a roof window.
- [Snow Guards and Snow Retention](https://roof.wiki/snow-guards/): Snow guards are devices fixed to a roof to hold or break up snow and ice so it does not slide off in dangerous slabs; they are especially common on metal roofs.
- [Soffit](https://roof.wiki/soffit/): A soffit is the underside lining of a roof overhang, closing the space between the fascia and the wall, often fitted with vents.
- [Standing Seam Clips (Fixed and Sliding)](https://roof.wiki/standing-seam-clips/): Standing seam clips are concealed brackets that hold panels down at the seams; fixed clips pin the panel, sliding clips let it move with temperature.
- [Step Flashing](https://roof.wiki/step-flashing/): Step flashing is a series of small L-shaped pieces woven into each course of shingles or tiles where a roof slope meets a sidewall or chimney side.
- [Vapour-Permeable Underlay (Breather Membrane)](https://roof.wiki/vapour-permeable-underlay/): A vapour-permeable underlay, or breather membrane, is a roof underlay that resists liquid water but lets water vapour pass, widely used in UK and European pitched roofs.
- [Warm Roof](https://roof.wiki/warm-roof/): A warm roof is a construction in which insulation follows the roof slope or sits above the deck, so the structure and roof space stay within the heated envelope.

## Roof Shapes & Forms

- [A-Frame Roof](https://roof.wiki/a-frame-roof/): An A-frame is a building whose steep roof planes start near the ground and meet at the ridge, so the roof also forms most of the walls.
- [Barrel Roof (Barrel Vault)](https://roof.wiki/barrel-vault-roof/): A barrel roof is a continuously curved roof shaped like half a cylinder, the roof form of a barrel (tunnel or wagon) vault.
- [Bonnet Roof](https://roof.wiki/bonnet-roof/): A bonnet roof is a double-pitched roof whose lower slope is shallower than the upper slope, the reverse of a mansard or gambrel, often forming porch eaves.
- [Butterfly Roof](https://roof.wiki/butterfly-roof/): A butterfly roof is an inverted gable: two roof planes slope down from the outer walls to a central valley, like a pair of raised wings.
- [Conical Roof (Turret Roof)](https://roof.wiki/conical-roof/): A conical roof is a roof shaped like a cone, rising to a point over a circular plan; it typically crowns towers, turrets and round huts.
- [Cross-Gabled Roof](https://roof.wiki/cross-gabled-roof/): A cross-gabled roof combines two or more gable roofs that intersect, usually at right angles, over an L-, T- or cross-shaped plan.
- [Dome](https://roof.wiki/dome/): A dome is a curved roof shaped like the hollow upper part of a sphere or similar surface, spanning a circular, polygonal or square space.
- [Dutch Gable Roof (Gablet Roof)](https://roof.wiki/dutch-gable-roof/): A Dutch gable roof is a hip roof topped with a small gable (gablet) at the ridge ends; in Britain the term also means a curved, shaped gable parapet.
- [Flat Roof](https://roof.wiki/flat-roof/): A flat roof is a roof that is almost level, laid to a slight fall for drainage and covered with a continuous waterproof membrane rather than overlapping units.
- [Gable Roof](https://roof.wiki/gable-roof/): A gable roof has two sloping planes meeting at a central ridge, leaving a triangular wall section, the gable, at each end.
- [Gambrel Roof](https://roof.wiki/gambrel-roof/): A gambrel roof is a two-sided roof with two slopes on each side, a steep lower slope and a shallow upper one, giving a characteristic barn profile.
- [Gonjong Roof (Minangkabau)](https://roof.wiki/gonjong-roof/): Gonjong are the upswept, horn-like roof peaks of the Minangkabau rumah gadang in West Sumatra, Indonesia, said to recall buffalo horns.
- [Hip Roof](https://roof.wiki/hip-roof/): A hip roof slopes down to the eaves on all sides, with no vertical gable ends; on a rectangular plan it has two trapezoidal and two triangular faces.
- [Hyperbolic Paraboloid Roof (Hypar)](https://roof.wiki/hyperbolic-paraboloid-roof/): A hyperbolic paraboloid roof is a saddle-shaped, doubly curved roof that can be built from straight members, used for thin concrete shells and tensile structures.
- [Irimoya (East Asian Hip-and-Gable Roof)](https://roof.wiki/irimoya/): Irimoya is the Japanese hip-and-gable roof: a hip roof whose upper part rises into gables on two sides, known as xieshan in China and paljak in Korea.
- [Jerkinhead Roof (Clipped Gable)](https://roof.wiki/jerkinhead-roof/): A jerkinhead roof is a gable roof whose peak is clipped by a small hip, combining a mostly vertical gable with a short sloping face at the top.
- [Joglo Roof](https://roof.wiki/joglo/): The joglo is the steep, two-peaked Javanese roof over four tall central columns and a stepped tumpang sari ceiling, historically reserved for nobility.
- [M-Shaped Roof](https://roof.wiki/m-shaped-roof/): An M-shaped roof is two parallel gable roofs side by side, joined by a central valley or gutter, giving an M-shaped end profile.
- [Mansard Roof](https://roof.wiki/mansard-roof/): A mansard roof is a four-sided roof with two slopes on each face, the lower one steep and often pierced by dormers, the upper one shallow.
- [Pagoda Roof](https://roof.wiki/pagoda-roof/): A pagoda roof is the stacked series of projecting eaves on a tiered tower, typically an odd number of tiers, found across East, Southeast and South Asia.
- [Pyramid, Pavilion and Tented Roofs](https://roof.wiki/pyramid-roof/): A pyramid roof is a hip roof on a square plan whose faces meet at one point; pavilion and tented roofs are low- and steep-pitched versions on regular polygons.
- [Saltbox and Catslide Roof](https://roof.wiki/saltbox-roof/): A saltbox roof is an asymmetric gable roof with one long slope reaching low at the back; a catslide is a roof that extends below the main eave line.
- [Sawtooth Roof](https://roof.wiki/sawtooth-roof/): A sawtooth roof is a series of parallel ridges, each with one steep, glazed face and one shallower solid face, giving a jagged profile and even daylight.
- [Shed Roof (Skillion, Mono-Pitch, Lean-To)](https://roof.wiki/shed-roof/): A shed roof is a single flat plane sloping in one direction; it is called a skillion in Australia and a mono-pitch, pent or lean-to roof in the UK.
- [Tensile Membrane Roof](https://roof.wiki/tensile-membrane-roof/): A roof of tensioned fabric or foil, such as PTFE-coated glass fibre, PVC-coated polyester or ETFE, held in curved shapes by masts, cables and edge beams.

## Installation & Methods

- [Altdeutsche Deckung](https://roof.wiki/altdeutsche-deckung/): The 'Old German' slating method, using hand-dressed slates of graded sizes laid in rising courses; regarded as the most demanding German slate technique.
- [Asphalt Shingle Nailing Pattern](https://roof.wiki/shingle-nailing-pattern/): The nailing pattern sets how many nails each asphalt shingle receives and where: typically four, or six for high-wind and steep-slope work.
- [Australian WHS Roof Work Requirements](https://roof.wiki/australian-whs-roof-work/): Australian work health and safety codes require roof work fall risks to be controlled through a hierarchy, with edge protection and rules based on roof pitch.
- [Batten Seam Roofing](https://roof.wiki/batten-seam-roofing/): Batten seam roofing lays metal pans between raised wooden or metal battens running down the slope, with a metal cap locked over each batten.
- [BS 5534 Fixing Specification](https://roof.wiki/bs-5534-fixing-specification/): BS 5534 is the British code of practice for slating and tiling; its fixing specification sets how every tile, ridge and verge is mechanically secured.
- [Chimney Flashing Installation](https://roof.wiki/chimney-flashing-installation/): Chimney flashing combines apron, step, cricket and counterflashing to seal the gap between a masonry chimney and the roof.
- [Clay and Concrete Tile Installation](https://roof.wiki/clay-and-concrete-tile-installation/): Tile installation hangs or fastens clay or concrete tiles over battens or decking, fixing them mechanically and, traditionally, bedding ridges and edges in mortar.
- [Coil Coating](https://roof.wiki/coil-coating/): Coil coating is the continuous factory process that cleans, pretreats, primes, paints and bakes metal strip before it is formed into roofing.
- [Cold Weather Roofing](https://roof.wiki/cold-weather-roofing/): Cold weather roofing covers the extra precautions needed below normal application temperatures, from warming materials to hand-sealing shingles.
- [Dry-Fix Ridge System](https://roof.wiki/dry-fix-ridge-system/): A dry-fix system secures ridge, hip or verge tiles with mechanical fixings, seals and ventilated rolls instead of mortar.
- [Flat Seam (Flat-Lock) Roofing](https://roof.wiki/flat-seam-roofing/): Flat seam roofing covers a roof with small rectangular metal pans whose folded edges lock together flat; seams are soldered on low slopes.
- [Fragile Roof](https://roof.wiki/fragile-roof/): A roof or roof element, such as old fibre-cement sheeting or a rooflight, that will not safely carry a person's weight; a leading cause of roof-work deaths.
- [Fully Adhered vs Mechanically Attached](https://roof.wiki/fully-adhered-vs-mechanically-attached/): Low-slope membranes are attached by gluing the whole sheet to the substrate (fully adhered), fastening it at laps (mechanically attached) or holding it with ballast.
- [Hand Sealing Shingles](https://roof.wiki/hand-sealing-shingles/): Hand sealing is applying dabs of asphalt cement under shingles where factory sealant cannot be relied on, such as on steep slopes or in cold weather.
- [Hiring a Roofer](https://roof.wiki/hiring-a-roofer/): Hiring a roofer involves checking licensing or registration, insurance, references and written terms; licensing rules differ by country, state and province.
- [Hot Weather Roofing](https://roof.wiki/hot-weather-roofing/): Hot weather roofing addresses heat stress for workers and softening, scuffing and over-sealing of materials when roofs are installed in high temperatures.
- [Hot-Air Welding](https://roof.wiki/hot-air-welding/): Hot-air welding joins thermoplastic roofing membranes such as PVC and TPO by melting overlapping sheets with heated air and pressing them together.
- [Hot-Mopped Built-Up Roof Application](https://roof.wiki/hot-mopped-built-up-roof/): Hot-mopped built-up roofing (BUR) bonds several plies of roofing felt with layers of hot asphalt or coal-tar pitch applied by mop or mechanical spreader.
- [Ice Barrier Installation](https://roof.wiki/ice-barrier-installation/): An ice barrier is a self-adhering membrane or cemented underlayment installed at the eaves to resist water backing up under shingles from ice dams.
- [Installing a Metal Roof Over Existing Shingles](https://roof.wiki/metal-roof-over-existing-shingles/): Because metal is light, it can often be installed over one existing roof layer where local codes allow, but deck condition, ventilation and fixing must be checked.
- [Ladder Safety for Roofing](https://roof.wiki/ladder-safety/): Ladder safety for roof access centres on the 4-to-1 angle rule, extending the ladder about 1 m (3 ft) above the roof edge and securing it top and bottom.
- [Mechanical Seaming](https://roof.wiki/mechanical-seaming/): Mechanical seaming folds the raised edges of adjoining metal roof panels together with a hand or powered seamer, forming single-lock or double-lock seams.
- [Mechanically Seamed Standing Seam (Single and Double Lock)](https://roof.wiki/mechanically-seamed-standing-seam/): Mechanically seamed panels have their raised seams folded together on the roof by a seaming tool, forming single-lock or watertight double-lock joints.
- [Plumbing Vent Flashing](https://roof.wiki/plumbing-vent-flashing/): A plumbing vent flashing (pipe boot) is a flanged sleeve that seals a vent pipe through the roof and is woven into the courses around it.
- [Ridge Cap Installation](https://roof.wiki/ridge-cap-installation/): Ridge cap installation covers the peak and hips of a roof with overlapping cap pieces, laid away from the prevailing wind and blind-nailed.
- [Roof Brackets](https://roof.wiki/roof-brackets/): Roof brackets (roof jacks) are metal supports nailed to a pitched roof that hold a plank as a foothold and material shelf for roofers.
- [Roof Coating Application](https://roof.wiki/roof-coating-application/): Roof coating application cleans, repairs and primes an existing roof, then sprays or rolls on a liquid membrane such as acrylic, silicone or polyurethane.
- [Roof Deck Inspection and Replacement](https://roof.wiki/roof-deck-inspection-and-replacement/): Deck inspection is the check of the structural roof surface for rot, deflection, gaps and fastening before new roofing is installed; damaged sections are replaced.
- [Roof Inspection Procedure](https://roof.wiki/roof-inspection-procedure/): A roof inspection is a systematic check of the covering, flashings, penetrations, drainage, deck and attic to find damage, defects and leak sources.
- [Roof Measurement and Estimating](https://roof.wiki/roof-measurement-and-estimating/): Roof estimating converts plan dimensions into true roof area using pitch multipliers, expresses it in squares or square metres and adds waste allowances.
- [Roof Pitch Calculation](https://roof.wiki/roof-pitch-calculation/): Roof pitch is calculated as vertical rise over horizontal run, expressed as x:12, a ratio, a percentage or an angle in degrees.
- [Roof Replacement Process](https://roof.wiki/roof-replacement-process/): The roof replacement process is the sequence of work used to remove an old roof covering and install a new one, from planning and permits to final inspection.
- [Roofing Fall Protection](https://roof.wiki/roofing-fall-protection/): Roofing fall protection is the set of legal duties and equipment, such as guardrails, nets, harness systems and warning lines, that prevent roofers falling.
- [Roofing Permits and Inspections](https://roof.wiki/roofing-permits-and-inspections/): Many authorities require a permit for roof replacement and some for larger repairs, with inspections to confirm compliance with the building code.
- [Roofing Square](https://roof.wiki/roofing-square/): A roofing square is a North American unit of roof area equal to 100 square feet (about 9.3 m²), used for ordering and pricing roofing.
- [Roofing Warranty Types](https://roof.wiki/roofing-warranty-types/): Roofing warranties fall into two main groups: manufacturer warranties on materials or systems, and contractor workmanship warranties on installation.
- [Shingle Exposure and Offset](https://roof.wiki/shingle-exposure-and-offset/): Exposure is the visible height of each shingle course; offset is the horizontal stagger of joints between courses so water never lines up with a gap.
- [Skylight Flashing Installation](https://roof.wiki/skylight-flashing-installation/): Skylight flashing seals a roof window or skylight to the roof using a head flashing, side step flashings and a sill apron, usually from a manufacturer's kit.
- [Slate Hook Fixing](https://roof.wiki/slate-hook-fixing/): A method of securing roofing slates with metal hooks that grip the slate's tail, as an alternative to nailing through holes near the head or centre.
- [Slate Repair](https://roof.wiki/slate-repair/): Slate repair replaces individual broken slates by cutting the old nails with a slate ripper and securing a new slate with a nail and bib flashing, a hook or a tab.
- [Slate Roof Installation](https://roof.wiki/slate-roof-installation/): Slate installation lays split natural slates in double-lap courses, hung on copper or stainless nails (or hooks) with a set headlap that depends on pitch.
- [Snap-Lock Standing Seam](https://roof.wiki/snap-lock-standing-seam/): Snap-lock standing seam panels click together at the seam without a seaming tool, held down by concealed clips or an integral fastening flange.
- [Soldering Sheet Metal Roofing](https://roof.wiki/soldering-sheet-metal-roofing/): Soldering joins copper, terne-coated stainless, zinc and similar roof sheets with molten tin-based alloy to make watertight seams, especially on low slopes.
- [Spray Polyurethane Foam Application](https://roof.wiki/spray-polyurethane-foam-application/): SPF roofing is applied by spraying two liquid components that react and expand into a seamless foam layer, then protecting it with a coating.
- [Standing Seam Installation](https://roof.wiki/standing-seam-installation/): Standing seam installation fixes long metal panels to the deck with concealed clips and joins them along raised seams that are snapped or mechanically seamed.
- [Starter Course](https://roof.wiki/starter-course/): A starter course is the first row of roofing material along the eaves (and often rakes) that seals and backs the first visible course of shingles.
- [Step Flashing Installation](https://roof.wiki/step-flashing-installation/): Step flashing is a series of L-shaped metal pieces woven into each course where a sloped roof meets a sidewall or chimney side.
- [Tear-Off vs Overlay](https://roof.wiki/tear-off-vs-overlay/): Tear-off removes the existing roof covering down to the deck; an overlay (recover) installs a new covering over the old one where codes permit.
- [Tension Leveling](https://roof.wiki/tension-leveling/): Tension leveling stretches metal coil slightly beyond its yield point to flatten it and release built-in stresses, reducing oil canning in roof panels.
- [Thatch Ridge](https://roof.wiki/thatch-ridge/): A thatch ridge is the separate covering laid over the apex of a thatched roof to bind and protect the main coat; it is renewed more often than the roof.
- [Thatching Process](https://roof.wiki/thatching-process/): Thatching lays bundles of water reed, wheat straw or similar plants in thick overlapping coats, fixed with sways, spars and liggers and finished with a ridge.
- [Thermal Movement in Metal Roofs](https://roof.wiki/thermal-movement-in-metal-roofs/): Metal roof panels lengthen and shorten with temperature; systems must let them slide, or seams, fasteners and flashings will fatigue, buckle or leak.
- [Through-Fastened Panel Installation](https://roof.wiki/through-fastened-panel-installation/): Through-fastened metal panels are screwed directly through the sheet into purlins or decking with sealing washers, with side and end laps sealed against water.
- [Tile Battens](https://roof.wiki/tile-battens/): Tile battens are horizontal timber strips fixed across the rafters or deck that set the spacing of tile or slate courses and provide their fixing point.
- [Tile Clips](https://roof.wiki/tile-clips/): Tile clips are metal fixings that hold the tail or side of a roof tile down against wind uplift; in storm-prone areas they are often called hurricane or storm clips.
- [Torch-Applied Modified Bitumen](https://roof.wiki/torch-applied-roofing/): Torch-on application bonds modified bitumen membrane rolls by melting their underside with a propane torch as the roll is unrolled over the roof.
- [Underlayment Installation](https://roof.wiki/underlayment-installation/): Underlayment installation is the laying of a secondary water-resistant sheet over the roof deck, lapped shingle-fashion, before the main roof covering.
- [Valley Installation](https://roof.wiki/valley-installation/): Valley installation is how roofing is laid where two roof slopes meet in an internal angle, using open, closed-cut or woven methods over a valley lining.
- [Ventilation and Condensation Under Metal Roofs](https://roof.wiki/ventilation-under-metal-roofs/): Some metal roofs, notably zinc and lead, need a ventilated or drained space beneath them so condensation cannot corrode the metal's underside.
- [Warning Line System](https://roof.wiki/warning-line-system/): A warning line system is a barrier of rope, wire or chain on stanchions set back from the edge of a low-slope roof to warn workers of the fall hazard.
- [Waste Factor](https://roof.wiki/waste-factor/): The waste factor is the extra percentage of roofing material added to the measured roof area to cover cutting, trimming and breakage.
- [Wood Shake Installation](https://roof.wiki/wood-shake-installation/): Wood shake installation lays split cedar shakes in spaced courses with felt interlay between each course, two nails per shake and offset joints.
- [Wood Shingle Installation](https://roof.wiki/wood-shingle-installation/): Wood shingle installation lays sawn cedar shingles in triple-coverage courses with small gaps, two nails each and exposures set by length and pitch.
- [Work at Height Regulations 2005](https://roof.wiki/work-at-height-regulations-2005/): The Work at Height Regulations 2005 are the main UK law on preventing falls, requiring a hierarchy of avoid, prevent and minimise for all work at height.
- [Yealming](https://roof.wiki/yealming/): Yealming is the preparation of wetted long straw into neat, compact layers called yealms that a thatcher can carry onto the roof and lay.

## Standards, Codes & Testing

- [ANSI/FM 4473](https://roof.wiki/fm-4473/): ANSI/FM 4473 rates the hail resistance of rigid roofing such as tile, slate and metal by firing ice balls at it, from Class 1 to Class 4.
- [ANSI/FM 4474](https://roof.wiki/fm-4474/): ANSI/FM 4474 is a US national standard for testing the simulated wind uplift resistance of roof assemblies with static pressure or pull tests.
- [ASHRAE 90.1](https://roof.wiki/ashrae-90-1/): ASHRAE 90.1 is the US-based energy standard for buildings other than low-rise residential, setting minimum roof insulation and reflectance requirements.
- [ASTM A653](https://roof.wiki/astm-a653/): ASTM A653 is the North American specification for hot-dip galvanized (zinc-coated) and galvannealed steel sheet used in roofing and construction.
- [ASTM A792](https://roof.wiki/astm-a792/): ASTM A792 is the North American specification for steel sheet hot-dip coated with 55% aluminum-zinc alloy, widely used for metal roofing.
- [ASTM B370](https://roof.wiki/astm-b370/): ASTM B370 is the US specification for copper sheet and strip used in building construction, including roofing, flashing and gutters.
- [ASTM C406](https://roof.wiki/astm-c406/): ASTM C406 is the North American specification for natural roofing slate, grading it S1, S2 or S3 by strength, absorption and weathering tests.
- [ASTM D225](https://roof.wiki/astm-d225/): ASTM D225 was the US specification for organic-felt asphalt shingles; it was withdrawn in 2012 after organic shingles left the North American market.
- [ASTM D3161](https://roof.wiki/astm-d3161/): ASTM D3161 is a US laboratory test that rates the wind resistance of asphalt shingles by blowing air across a test deck with a fan.
- [ASTM D3462](https://roof.wiki/astm-d3462/): ASTM D3462 is the US product specification for fiberglass-mat asphalt shingles surfaced with mineral granules, referenced by US building codes.
- [ASTM D4434](https://roof.wiki/astm-d4434/): ASTM D4434 is the North American material specification for reinforced poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) sheet used as single-ply roofing membrane.
- [ASTM D4637](https://roof.wiki/astm-d4637/): ASTM D4637 is the North American material specification for EPDM rubber sheet used as a single-ply roofing membrane, in three types.
- [ASTM D6162, D6163 and D6164 (SBS Modified Bitumen)](https://roof.wiki/astm-d6162-d6163-d6164/): ASTM D6162, D6163 and D6164 are US specifications for SBS-modified bitumen roofing sheets, differing by their reinforcement type.
- [ASTM D6878](https://roof.wiki/astm-d6878/): ASTM D6878 is the North American material specification for thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) sheet used as single-ply roofing membrane.
- [ASTM D7158](https://roof.wiki/astm-d7158/): ASTM D7158 rates asphalt shingle wind resistance by comparing measured uplift resistance with calculated wind uplift force, giving Classes D, G and H.
- [ASTM E108 / UL 790 (Roof Fire Ratings)](https://roof.wiki/astm-e108-ul-790/): ASTM E108 and UL 790 are the North American fire tests that rate roof coverings Class A, B or C for resistance to fire from outside the building.
- [BBA Agrément Certificate](https://roof.wiki/bba-agrement/): A BBA Agrément Certificate is a UK document from the British Board of Agrément assessing a construction product's fitness for purpose and building regulations compliance.
- [BREEAM](https://roof.wiki/breeam/): BREEAM is a sustainability assessment and certification method for buildings, first published by the UK's Building Research Establishment in 1990.
- [BS 5534](https://roof.wiki/bs-5534/): BS 5534 is the British code of practice for slating and tiling pitched roofs and vertical cladding, including wind loading and mechanical fixing rules.
- [California Title 24 Cool Roof Requirements](https://roof.wiki/title-24-cool-roof/): California's Title 24 Part 6 Energy Code includes requirements for roof solar reflectance and thermal emittance, updated every three years.
- [CE Marking and Declaration of Performance (Construction Products)](https://roof.wiki/ce-marking-construction-products/): In the EU, roofing products covered by a harmonised standard must carry CE marking and a Declaration of Performance under the Construction Products Regulation.
- [CEN/TS 1187](https://roof.wiki/cen-ts-1187/): CEN/TS 1187 is the European technical specification with four test methods for how roofs behave when exposed to fire from outside.
- [China Roofing Codes (GB 50345 and GB 55030)](https://roof.wiki/china-roofing-codes/): China's main roofing codes are GB 50345-2012, the technical code for roof engineering, and GB 55030-2022, a mandatory general code for building waterproofing.
- [Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC)](https://roof.wiki/cool-roof-rating-council/): The Cool Roof Rating Council is a US non-profit that rates and lists the solar reflectance and thermal emittance of roofing and wall products.
- [CSA A123.21](https://roof.wiki/csa-a123-21/): CSA A123.21 is a Canadian test method that measures the wind uplift resistance of membrane roofing systems under dynamic, gust-like loading.
- [DTU 40 Series (France)](https://roof.wiki/dtu-40-series/): The French NF DTU 40 series are the technical rules for pitched roof coverings in France, covering slate, clay and concrete tiles, metal sheet and roof drainage.
- [EN 10346](https://roof.wiki/en-10346/): EN 10346 is the European standard for continuously hot-dip coated steel sheet, covering zinc, zinc-magnesium, aluminium-zinc and other coatings used in roofing.
- [EN 12326](https://roof.wiki/en-12326/): EN 12326 is the European standard for natural roofing slate, setting requirements for slate and carbonate slate used on roofs and walls.
- [EN 1304](https://roof.wiki/en-1304/): EN 1304 is the European product standard defining requirements for clay roofing tiles and fittings for pitched roofs and wall cladding.
- [EN 13501-5](https://roof.wiki/en-13501-5/): EN 13501-5 is the European system for classifying how roofs perform when exposed to external fire, giving classes such as BROOF(t1) to FROOF(t4).
- [EN 14437](https://roof.wiki/en-14437/): EN 14437 is the European test method for measuring the wind uplift resistance of installed clay and concrete roof tiles on a test roof.
- [EN 1991-1-3 (Eurocode 1 Snow Loads)](https://roof.wiki/en-1991-1-3/): EN 1991-1-3 is the part of Eurocode 1 that sets out how to calculate snow loads on roofs and structures in Europe.
- [EN 1991-1-4 (Eurocode 1 Wind Actions)](https://roof.wiki/en-1991-1-4/): EN 1991-1-4 is the part of Eurocode 1 that sets out how to calculate wind loads on buildings, roofs and cladding in Europe.
- [EN 490 and EN 491](https://roof.wiki/en-490-en-491/): EN 490 sets product requirements for concrete roof tiles and fittings in Europe, and EN 491 gives the matching test methods.
- [EN 544](https://roof.wiki/en-544/): EN 544 is the European product standard for bitumen shingles with mineral and/or synthetic reinforcement, used for pitched roofs and wall cladding.
- [EN 988](https://roof.wiki/en-988/): EN 988 is the European specification for rolled zinc-copper-titanium sheet and strip used for roofing, cladding and rainwater goods.
- [ENERGY STAR Roof Products (discontinued)](https://roof.wiki/energy-star-roof-products/): ENERGY STAR Roof Products was a US EPA label for reflective roofing; the specification was sunset on June 1, 2022.
- [Florida Building Code](https://roof.wiki/florida-building-code/): Florida's statewide building code, in force since 2002 after Hurricane Andrew, with strict wind, roofing and product-approval rules.
- [Florida Product Approval](https://roof.wiki/florida-product-approval/): Florida Product Approval is the state system, under Statute 553.842 and Rule 61G20-3, for approving roofing and other envelope products.
- [FM 4470](https://roof.wiki/fm-4470/): FM 4470 is the FM Approvals standard for membrane and liquid-applied roof assemblies, covering fire, wind uplift, hail, leakage and other hazards.
- [FM Approved](https://roof.wiki/fm-approved/): FM Approved is a certification mark from FM Approvals showing a product or roof assembly has passed FM's loss-prevention testing and factory audits.
- [Garantie Décennale](https://roof.wiki/garantie-decennale/): France's ten-year builder liability for serious defects, set by the 1978 Spinetta law, with compulsory insurance for builders and owners.
- [IBHS FORTIFIED Roof](https://roof.wiki/ibhs-fortified-roof/): FORTIFIED Roof is a voluntary US construction standard from IBHS that strengthens roofs against high wind, hurricanes and hail, verified by third-party evaluators.
- [ICC-ES Evaluation Reports (ESR)](https://roof.wiki/icc-es-evaluation-reports/): ICC-ES Evaluation Reports are technical reports that show whether a building product, such as a roofing system, complies with US model codes like the IBC and IRC.
- [Impact-Resistant Roof Insurance Discounts](https://roof.wiki/impact-resistant-roof-insurance-discounts/): Some insurers and states give premium credits for roofs that carry a recognised hail impact rating, most often UL 2218 Class 4.
- [International Building Code (IBC) Chapter 15](https://roof.wiki/international-building-code/): The International Building Code is the main US model building code; its Chapter 15 sets rules for roof assemblies and rooftop structures.
- [International Residential Code (IRC) Chapter 9](https://roof.wiki/international-residential-code/): The International Residential Code is the US model code for one- and two-family homes; Chapter 9 covers roof assemblies and roof coverings.
- [Lead Sheet Codes](https://roof.wiki/lead-sheet-codes/): Lead codes (3 to 8) are the UK and European shorthand for rolled lead sheet thickness under BS EN 12588, from about 1.3 mm to 3.6 mm.
- [LEED Heat Island Reduction Credit](https://roof.wiki/leed-heat-island-reduction/): LEED's Heat Island Reduction credit rewards projects whose roofs and paving reflect sunlight or are vegetated, using Solar Reflectance Index thresholds.
- [Metallic Coating Designations (G90, AZ50, Z275)](https://roof.wiki/metallic-coating-designations/): Codes such as G90, AZ55, Z275 or AZM150 state how much zinc or aluminium-zinc coating a steel roofing sheet carries, measured on both sides combined.
- [Miami-Dade Notice of Acceptance (NOA)](https://roof.wiki/miami-dade-noa/): A Miami-Dade NOA is a county product approval showing a building product meets the Florida Building Code's High-Velocity Hurricane Zone rules.
- [National Building Code of Canada (NBC)](https://roof.wiki/national-building-code-of-canada/): The National Building Code of Canada is the model building code published by the National Research Council and adopted, with changes, by provinces and territories.
- [National Building Code of India and IS Roofing Standards](https://roof.wiki/national-building-code-of-india/): The National Building Code of India, published by the Bureau of Indian Standards, guides building design; roofing is covered through IS standards.
- [National Construction Code (Australia)](https://roof.wiki/national-construction-code-australia/): Australia's National Construction Code is the national set of minimum technical requirements for buildings and plumbing, published by the Australian Building Codes Board.
- [New Zealand Building Code Clause E2 (External Moisture)](https://roof.wiki/nzbc-e2/): Clause E2 of the New Zealand Building Code requires roofs and walls to resist the entry and build-up of external moisture; E2/AS1 is the main acceptable solution.
- [NZ Metal Roof and Wall Cladding Code of Practice](https://roof.wiki/nz-metal-roof-code-of-practice/): The NZ Metal Roof and Wall Cladding Code of Practice is the industry guide to designing and installing metal roofing in New Zealand, published by NZMRM.
- [ÖNORM B 3419](https://roof.wiki/onorm-b-3419/): Austrian standard for the design and construction of roof and wall coverings, setting permitted pitches, substrates and wind-load fastening.
- [SANS 10407 Thatched Roof Construction](https://roof.wiki/sans-10407-thatched-roof-construction/): South African national standard for thatched roof construction (edition 2, 2015), used with SANS 10400 Parts L and T for pitch, thickness, timbers and fire.
- [Sheet Metal Gauge and Thickness Conversion](https://roof.wiki/sheet-metal-gauge/): Gauge is a traditional, non-linear number for sheet thickness used in North America; a higher gauge means thinner metal, and values differ by metal.
- [Solar Reflectance Index (SRI)](https://roof.wiki/solar-reflectance-index/): The Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) combines a surface's solar reflectance and thermal emittance into one number, where standard black is 0 and standard white is 100.
- [TAS 100](https://roof.wiki/tas-100/): TAS 100 is a Florida Building Code test protocol that checks whether discontinuous roof systems keep out wind-driven rain at speeds up to 110 mph.
- [UK Building Regulations and Approved Documents (B, C, L)](https://roof.wiki/uk-building-regulations/): In England, the Building Regulations are supported by Approved Documents; Parts B (fire), C (moisture) and L (energy) most affect roofs.
- [UL 1897](https://roof.wiki/ul-1897/): UL 1897 is a static-pressure test that measures how much wind uplift a roof covering system and its attachment can resist, usually run until failure.
- [UL 2218](https://roof.wiki/ul-2218/): UL 2218 is a North American impact test that drops steel balls on roof coverings to rate their hail resistance from Class 1 to Class 4.
- [UL 580](https://roof.wiki/ul-580/): UL 580 is a North American test standard that rates roof assemblies for wind uplift resistance using static and oscillating air pressure, in Classes 15 to 90.
- [Wind Uplift Testing of Metal Roofs](https://roof.wiki/wind-uplift-testing-metal-roofs/): Metal roof systems are rated for wind by laboratory tests such as ASTM E1592, UL 580 and UL 1897, which apply suction to full roof assemblies.
- [ZVDH Roofing Rules and DIN 4108 (Germany)](https://roof.wiki/zvdh-fachregeln/): German roofing follows the technical rules of the roofers' federation ZVDH, alongside DIN standards such as DIN 4108 for thermal and moisture protection.

## Manufacturers

- [Amrize](https://roof.wiki/amrize/): Amrize is the North American building-materials company spun off from Holcim in June 2025; its roofing brands include Elevate and Malarkey.
- [Atlas Roofing Corporation](https://roof.wiki/atlas-roofing/): Atlas Roofing Corporation is a US maker of asphalt shingles, underlayment and polyiso insulation, founded in 1982 in Meridian, Mississippi.
- [BlueScope](https://roof.wiki/bluescope/): BlueScope is a Melbourne-based steel company, demerged from BHP in 2002, whose brands include COLORBOND, ZINCALUME and LYSAGHT roofing steel.
- [BMI Group](https://roof.wiki/bmi-group/): BMI Group is Standard Industries' European-based roofing and waterproofing group, formed in 2017 from Braas Monier and Icopal.
- [Braas](https://roof.wiki/braas/): Braas is a German concrete and clay roof tile brand founded by Rudolf Braas, part of BMI Group, known for the Frankfurter Pfanne tile.
- [Carlisle Companies](https://roof.wiki/carlisle-companies/): Carlisle Companies is a US manufacturer, based in Scottsdale, Arizona, focused on commercial roofing and building envelope products.
- [Carlisle SynTec Systems](https://roof.wiki/carlisle-syntec-systems/): Carlisle SynTec Systems is a commercial single-ply roofing brand of Carlisle Construction Materials, based in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
- [CertainTeed](https://roof.wiki/certainteed/): CertainTeed is a North American building-products maker founded in 1904, now a wholly owned subsidiary of France's Saint-Gobain, producing roofing, siding and insulation.
- [Creaton](https://roof.wiki/creaton/): Creaton is a German clay roof tile manufacturer based in Wertingen, Bavaria, dating to 1884 and owned by Wienerberger since 2024.
- [Cupa Pizarras](https://roof.wiki/cupa-pizarras/): Cupa Pizarras is a Spanish producer of natural roofing slate operating since 1892, part of Cupa Group, with quarries in Galicia and exports to over 60 countries.
- [DaVinci Roofscapes](https://roof.wiki/davinci-roofscapes/): DaVinci Roofscapes is a US maker of composite (synthetic) slate and shake roofing tiles made from virgin resins, owned by Westlake.
- [DECRA Roofing Systems](https://roof.wiki/decra-roofing-systems/): DECRA is a stone-coated steel roofing brand with roots in New Zealand in 1957, manufactured in the US at Corona, California.
- [Duro-Last](https://roof.wiki/duro-last/): Duro-Last is a Saginaw, Michigan maker of custom-prefabricated PVC single-ply roofing, founded in 1978 and part of Amrize since 2025.
- [Eagle Roofing Products](https://roof.wiki/eagle-roofing-products/): Eagle Roofing Products is a family-owned US maker of concrete roof tile, founded in Rialto, California in 1989.
- [EcoStar](https://roof.wiki/ecostar/): EcoStar is a family-run US maker of synthetic slate and shake roofing made largely from recycled rubber and plastics, based in Holland, New York.
- [Elevate (formerly Firestone Building Products)](https://roof.wiki/holcim-elevate/): Elevate is a North American commercial roofing manufacturer, formerly Firestone Building Products, owned by Holcim from 2021 and part of Amrize since 2025.
- [Englert](https://roof.wiki/englert/): Englert is a US maker of metal roofing, gutter systems and roll-forming machines with more than 50 years in business; it joined Great Day Improvements in 2024.
- [Eternit](https://roof.wiki/eternit/): Eternit is a fibre-cement trademark from Ludwig Hatschek's process patented in 1900, held in many markets by Belgium's Etex; other firms use it elsewhere.
- [Everest Industries](https://roof.wiki/everest-industries/): Everest Industries is an Indian maker of fibre-cement roofing sheets, boards and pre-engineered steel buildings, founded in 1934 as Asbestos Cement Ltd.
- [Fletcher Building](https://roof.wiki/fletcher-building/): Fletcher Building is an Auckland-based building-materials group formed in 2001, which owns the Australian steel roofing maker Stramit.
- [GAF](https://roof.wiki/gaf/): GAF is a US manufacturer of residential and commercial roofing, founded in 1886 and owned by Standard Industries.
- [Henry Company](https://roof.wiki/henry-company/): Henry is a North American building envelope brand dating to 1933, known for roof coatings, cements and air barriers, owned by Carlisle since 2021.
- [Holcim](https://roof.wiki/holcim/): Holcim is a Swiss building-materials group founded in 1912 that built a large North American roofing business before spinning it off as Amrize in 2025.
- [Icopal](https://roof.wiki/icopal/): Icopal is a Danish-origin flat-roofing and waterproofing brand bought by Standard Industries in 2016 and merged into BMI Group in 2017.
- [IKO](https://roof.wiki/iko/): IKO is a family-owned roofing manufacturer founded in Calgary, Canada in 1951, producing asphalt shingles, low-slope membranes and insulation in North America and Europe.
- [Johns Manville](https://roof.wiki/johns-manville/): Johns Manville is a Denver-based maker of commercial roofing systems, insulation and engineered products, founded in 1858 and owned by Berkshire Hathaway since 2001.
- [Kingspan Group](https://roof.wiki/kingspan/): Kingspan is an Irish building-envelope group founded in 1965, known for insulated metal roof and wall panels and, since 2022, a roofing and waterproofing division.
- [Ludowici Roof Tile](https://roof.wiki/ludowici/): Ludowici is a US clay roof tile maker in New Lexington, Ohio, with roots in an 1857 German tile works; it is now part of Wienerberger.
- [Mabati Rolling Mills](https://roof.wiki/mabati-rolling-mills/): Mabati Rolling Mills is a Kenyan maker of coated steel roofing sheets and tiles and part of Safal Group, which operates in nine African countries.
- [Malarkey Roofing Products](https://roof.wiki/malarkey-roofing-products/): Malarkey Roofing Products is a Portland, Oregon asphalt shingle maker founded in 1956, acquired by Holcim in 2022 and now part of Amrize.
- [Marley](https://roof.wiki/marley/): Marley is a UK maker of concrete and clay roof tiles, battens and integrated solar roofing, now part of Marshalls.
- [McElroy Metal](https://roof.wiki/mcelroy-metal/): McElroy Metal is an employee-owned US maker of metal roofing and wall systems, founded in 1963 and headquartered in Bossier City, Louisiana.
- [Nordic Waterproofing](https://roof.wiki/nordic-waterproofing/): Nordic Waterproofing is a Helsingborg, Sweden-based group of roofing and waterproofing brands in northern Europe, majority-owned by Kingspan since 2024.
- [Onduline](https://roof.wiki/onduline/): Onduline is a French roofing manufacturer founded about 80 years ago, known for lightweight corrugated roofing sheets and present in more than 100 countries.
- [Owens Corning](https://roof.wiki/owens-corning/): Owens Corning is a Toledo, Ohio-based maker of roofing, insulation and glass-fibre composites, formed in 1938 by Owens-Illinois and Corning Glass Works.
- [Petersen (PAC-CLAD)](https://roof.wiki/petersen-pac-clad/): Petersen is a US maker of architectural metal roofing and wall panels sold as PAC-CLAD, founded in Chicago in 1965 and owned by Carlisle since 2019.
- [Polyglass](https://roof.wiki/polyglass/): Polyglass is an Italian-origin maker of modified-bitumen membranes and underlayments, owned by Mapei since 2008, with US headquarters in Deerfield Beach, Florida.
- [Redland](https://roof.wiki/redland/): Redland is a British roof tile brand founded in 1919 as the Redhill Tile Company; it is now BMI Redland, part of Standard Industries' BMI Group.
- [Rheinzink](https://roof.wiki/rheinzink/): Rheinzink is a German producer of titanium zinc for roofing, facades and rainwater systems, founded in 1966 in Datteln and part of the Grillo Group.
- [Ruukki](https://roof.wiki/ruukki/): Ruukki is the Finnish steel building-products brand of Rautaruukki, owned by Sweden's SSAB since 2014, supplying steel roofing across northern and eastern Europe.
- [Saint-Gobain](https://roof.wiki/saint-gobain/): Saint-Gobain is a French building-materials group founded in 1665 whose roofing interests include CertainTeed and Building Products of Canada.
- [Sika](https://roof.wiki/sika/): Sika is a Swiss specialty chemicals company founded in 1910 whose roofing range includes Sarnafil and Sikaplan single-ply membranes and liquid-applied roofing.
- [Soprema](https://roof.wiki/soprema/): Soprema is a family-controlled French manufacturer of waterproofing, insulation and green-roof products, founded in 1908 and active in about 90 countries.
- [Standard Industries](https://roof.wiki/standard-industries/): Standard Industries is a privately held New York-based industrial group that owns GAF, BMI Group, Siplast and other building-materials businesses.
- [Stramit](https://roof.wiki/stramit/): Stramit is an Australian maker of roll-formed steel roofing, walling, rainwater and structural products, part of Fletcher Building since 2005.
- [TAMKO Building Products](https://roof.wiki/tamko/): TAMKO is a family-led US roofing manufacturer founded in Joplin, Missouri in 1944, known for asphalt shingles, underlayments and waterproofing.
- [Tata Steel Colors (formerly Tata BlueScope Steel)](https://roof.wiki/tata-steel-colors/): Tata Steel Colors, formerly Tata BlueScope Steel, is an Indian coated-steel and roofing maker founded in 2005 as a Tata Steel-BlueScope joint venture.
- [Tegola Canadese](https://roof.wiki/tegola-canadese/): Tegola Canadese is an Italian maker of asphalt (bitumen) shingles and roofing components based in Vittorio Veneto, part of the IWIS Group.
- [Terreal](https://roof.wiki/terreal/): Terreal is a French maker of clay roof tiles and brick formed in 2002 from older French tile works, and part of Wienerberger since 2024.
- [Tesla Solar Roof](https://roof.wiki/tesla-solar-roof/): Tesla Solar Roof is a roof covering of glass solar tiles and steel tiles sold by Tesla's energy business, unveiled in 2016 and in volume production from 2020.
- [Tremco Roofing](https://roof.wiki/tremco-roofing/): Tremco Roofing is the commercial roofing and building maintenance business of Tremco CPG, part of RPM International, based in Beachwood, Ohio.
- [Versico Roofing Systems](https://roof.wiki/versico/): Versico is a commercial single-ply roofing brand and division of Carlisle Construction Materials, offering EPDM, TPO and PVC systems.
- [Westlake Royal Roofing](https://roof.wiki/westlake-royal-roofing/): Westlake Royal Roofing is the roofing business of Westlake Corporation, built largely from Boral's North American roofing operations bought in 2021.
- [Wienerberger](https://roof.wiki/wienerberger/): Wienerberger is a Vienna-based building-materials group founded in 1819, the world's largest brick maker and a leading European producer of clay and concrete roof tiles.

## Organizations & Associations

- [Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association (ARMA)](https://roof.wiki/asphalt-roofing-manufacturers-association/): ARMA is the North American trade association of asphalt shingle and asphalt membrane manufacturers, founded in 1915.
- [BAU (Munich)](https://roof.wiki/bau-munich/): BAU is a large biennial trade fair in Munich, Germany, for architecture, building materials and systems, organised by Messe München.
- [BRANZ (Building Research Association of New Zealand)](https://roof.wiki/branz/): BRANZ is New Zealand's independent building research organisation, established in 1970 and funded by a levy on building consents.
- [Buildwise](https://roof.wiki/buildwise/): Buildwise, formerly the Belgian Building Research Institute, is the research and technical-advice centre of the Belgian construction industry.
- [Canadian Roofing Contractors Association (CRCA)](https://roof.wiki/canadian-roofing-contractors-association/): CRCA is Canada's national roofing contractors' association, active since 1960 and based in Ottawa, Ontario.
- [Cedar Shake & Shingle Bureau (CSSB)](https://roof.wiki/cedar-shake-and-shingle-bureau/): The Cedar Shake & Shingle Bureau is a North American trade body for cedar roofing, founded in 1915, known for its Certi-label quality marks.
- [Confederation of Roofing Contractors (CORC)](https://roof.wiki/confederation-of-roofing-contractors/): CORC is a UK roofing trade association established in 1985 that offers members insurance-backed warranties and business support.
- [Construction Industry Training Board (CITB)](https://roof.wiki/citb/): CITB is the statutory, levy-funded training board for the construction industry in Great Britain, established in 1964.
- [Copper Development Association (CDA)](https://roof.wiki/copper-development-association/): The Copper Development Association is the North American market development and technical information body of the copper industry.
- [DACH+HOLZ International](https://roof.wiki/dach-holz-international/): DACH+HOLZ International is a German trade fair for roofing, timber construction and building envelope trades, held in Cologne or Stuttgart.
- [European Federation of Green Roof and Green Wall Associations (EFB)](https://roof.wiki/european-federation-of-green-roof-associations/): The EFB is a federation of national green roof and green wall associations in Europe, founded in 1997 by Austrian, German and Swiss groups.
- [FLL (Landscape Research, Development and Construction Society)](https://roof.wiki/fll/): FLL is a German research society, founded in 1975 and based in Bonn, whose green roof guidelines are a widely used technical reference.
- [Florida Construction Industry Licensing Board (CILB)](https://roof.wiki/florida-construction-industry-licensing-board/): The CILB licenses and regulates construction contractors in Florida, including certified (state-wide) and registered (local) roofing contractors.
- [Florida Roofing and Sheet Metal Contractors Association (FRSA)](https://roof.wiki/florida-roofing-and-sheet-metal-contractors-association/): FRSA is Florida's statewide roofing contractors' association, founded in 1922 and based in Orlando.
- [FM (FM Global)](https://roof.wiki/fm-global/): FM, formerly FM Global, is a U.S.-based mutual commercial property insurer whose research, FM Approvals and data sheets strongly influence low-slope roof design.
- [German Roofers' Association (ZVDH)](https://roof.wiki/zvdh/): The ZVDH is the national federation of Germany's roofing trade, founded in 1949 and based in Cologne, representing about 6,700 roofing firms.
- [Green Roofs for Healthy Cities (GRHC)](https://roof.wiki/green-roofs-for-healthy-cities/): Green Roofs for Healthy Cities is North America's industry association for green roofs and green walls, active since 1999.
- [Health and Safety Executive (HSE)](https://roof.wiki/health-and-safety-executive/): The HSE is Great Britain's workplace health and safety regulator; its roof work guidance says almost one in five construction deaths involve roof work.
- [Historic England](https://roof.wiki/historic-england/): Historic England is the public body that advises on England's historic environment, including the care and repair of historic roofs. It was formed in 2015.
- [How to Find a Licensed Roofer (by Country)](https://roof.wiki/how-to-find-a-licensed-roofer/): A country-by-country guide to how roofers are licensed or registered, and where homeowners can check a contractor's credentials.
- [Institute of Roofing (IoR)](https://roof.wiki/institute-of-roofing/): The Institute of Roofing was a UK professional body for people in the roofing industry; it has ceased operations and is being dissolved.
- [Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS)](https://roof.wiki/ibhs/): IBHS is a U.S. research body funded by property insurers, formed in 1977, that tests roofs against wind, hail and fire and runs the FORTIFIED program.
- [International Federation for the Roofing Trade (IFD)](https://roof.wiki/international-federation-for-the-roofing-trade/): The IFD is an international federation of national roofing contractor associations, founded in 1952 and based in Germany.
- [International Institute of Building Enclosure Consultants (IIBEC)](https://roof.wiki/iibec/): IIBEC is a professional body for roof, waterproofing and building enclosure consultants, founded in 1983 as RCI and renamed in 2019.
- [International Roofing Expo (IRE)](https://roof.wiki/international-roofing-expo/): The International Roofing Expo is a large annual roofing trade show in the United States, organised by Informa Markets with NRCA as official sponsor.
- [Lead Sheet Training Academy (LSTA)](https://roof.wiki/lead-sheet-training-academy/): The Lead Sheet Training Academy is a UK training centre in Kent for leadwork and hard-metal roofing skills, approved by CITB.
- [Liquid Roofing and Waterproofing Association (LRWA)](https://roof.wiki/liquid-roofing-and-waterproofing-association/): The LRWA is a UK trade association for liquid-applied roofing and waterproofing, founded in 1979 and based in London.
- [Master Builders Australia](https://roof.wiki/master-builders-australia/): Master Builders Australia is the national federation of state and territory builders' associations, with roots over 130 years old and about 32,000 members.
- [Metal Construction Association (MCA)](https://roof.wiki/metal-construction-association/): The MCA is a North American trade association that promotes metal in building construction, launched in 1983 in Illinois.
- [Metal Roofing Alliance (MRA)](https://roof.wiki/metal-roofing-alliance/): The Metal Roofing Alliance is a North American non-profit trade group, formed in 1998, that promotes metal roofing for homes.
- [Midwest Roofing Contractors Association (MRCA)](https://roof.wiki/midwest-roofing-contractors-association/): MRCA is a U.S. roofing contractors' association that began in 1950 in Topeka, Kansas, and is now headquartered in Dayton, Ohio.
- [National Federation of Roofing Contractors (NFRC)](https://roof.wiki/national-federation-of-roofing-contractors/): The NFRC is the UK's largest roofing trade association, founded in 1892 and based in London, with over 1,350 members.
- [National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA)](https://roof.wiki/nrca/): NRCA is the main U.S. trade association for roofing contractors, founded in 1886, publishing technical manuals and Professional Roofing magazine.
- [National Slate Association (NSA)](https://roof.wiki/national-slate-association/): The National Slate Association is a U.S. organisation for the natural slate roofing industry, first formed in 1922 and reformed in 2002.
- [National Society of Master Thatchers (NSMT)](https://roof.wiki/national-society-of-master-thatchers/): The National Society of Master Thatchers is a UK body of individual master thatchers, formed in 1967, which inspects members' work.
- [New Zealand Metal Roofing Manufacturers (NZMRM)](https://roof.wiki/new-zealand-metal-roofing-manufacturers/): NZMRM is the association of New Zealand metal roofing manufacturers that publishes the NZ Metal Roof and Wall Cladding Code of Practice.
- [Oak Ridge National Laboratory Building Envelope Research](https://roof.wiki/oak-ridge-national-laboratory-building-envelope-research/): Oak Ridge National Laboratory's building research centre (BTRIC), set up in 1993, studies building envelopes and energy use for the U.S. Department of Energy.
- [Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)](https://roof.wiki/osha/): OSHA is the U.S. federal agency that sets and enforces workplace safety rules, including fall protection for roofing work at 6 feet (1.8 m).
- [Professional Roofing](https://roof.wiki/professional-roofing-magazine/): Professional Roofing is the monthly magazine of the U.S. National Roofing Contractors Association, covering roofing technology, business and regulation.
- [Roof Coatings Manufacturers Association (RCMA)](https://roof.wiki/roof-coatings-manufacturers-association/): RCMA is a U.S. trade association for manufacturers of roof coatings and their suppliers, providing technical and regulatory information.
- [Roofing Apprenticeship](https://roof.wiki/roofing-apprenticeship/): Structured training that combines paid work with classroom instruction to qualify roofers; length, content and certification differ widely by country.
- [Roofing Association of New Zealand (RANZ)](https://roof.wiki/roofing-association-of-new-zealand/): RANZ is New Zealand's national roofing trade association, whose vetted members follow a Code of Practice for workmanship, compliance and conduct.
- [Roofing Contractor (magazine)](https://roof.wiki/roofing-contractor-magazine/): Roofing Contractor is a U.S. trade magazine for roofing businesses, published by BNP Media and known for its annual Top 100 Roofing Contractors list.
- [Roofing Contractors Association of British Columbia (RCABC)](https://roof.wiki/roofing-contractors-association-of-british-columbia/): RCABC is the roofing contractors' association for British Columbia, Canada, established in 1958 and known for its RoofStar Guarantee program and Roofing Practices Manual.
- [Roofing Contractors Association of Texas (RCAT)](https://roof.wiki/roofing-contractors-association-of-texas/): RCAT is a Texas trade association for roofing contractors, active since 1975, which runs a voluntary roofing contractor licence program.
- [Roofing Industry Committee on Weather Issues (RICOWI)](https://roof.wiki/ricowi/): RICOWI is a U.S. roofing industry group that sends investigation teams to study roof performance after major hail and windstorms.
- [Roofing Today (magazine)](https://roof.wiki/roofing-today/): Roofing Today is a UK trade magazine and news site for roofing contractors and specifiers, published by Construction Media Publishing Ltd.
- [Single Ply Roofing Association (SPRA)](https://roof.wiki/single-ply-roofing-association/): SPRA is the UK trade association for the single-ply membrane roofing industry, covering products, installation, training and aftercare.
- [Skilled Trades Ontario](https://roof.wiki/skilled-trades-ontario/): Skilled Trades Ontario is the provincial agency that runs apprenticeship programs, trade exams and Certificates of Qualification in Ontario, Canada.
- [Slate Roofing Contractors Association of North America (SRCA)](https://roof.wiki/slate-roofing-contractors-association/): The SRCA is a non-profit trade association for slate roofers, founded in 2005 in Pennsylvania, that publishes free slate installation guidelines.
- [SPRI](https://roof.wiki/spri/): SPRI is a U.S. trade association of single-ply membrane and roofing component suppliers that develops ANSI wind-design and edge standards.
- [Thatching Advisory Services](https://roof.wiki/thatching-advisory-services/): Thatching Advisory Services is a UK firm based in Devon that gives advice on thatching and thatch fire safety and supplies fire-protection systems.
- [Tile Roofing Industry Alliance (TRI Alliance)](https://roof.wiki/tile-roofing-industry-alliance/): The TRI Alliance is a North American association for concrete and clay roof tile, providing installation guides, training and code work.
- [TrustMark](https://roof.wiki/trustmark/): TrustMark is the UK Government Endorsed Quality Scheme for home improvement work, including roofing, with vetted registered businesses.
- [Western States Roofing Contractors Association (WSRCA)](https://roof.wiki/western-states-roofing-contractors-association/): WSRCA is a regional association for roofing contractors in the western United States, founded in 1974.

## History of Roofing

- [Ancient Greek Roof Tiles](https://roof.wiki/ancient-greek-roof-tiles/): How the Greeks developed interfitting terracotta and marble roof tiles, beginning with the 7th-century BCE Protocorinthian system at Corinth.
- [Antefix](https://roof.wiki/antefix/): A vertical ornamental block, usually terracotta, that closed the open end of each cover tile along the eaves of Greek, Etruscan and Roman roofs.
- [Asuka-dera](https://roof.wiki/asuka-dera/): Japan's first full Buddhist temple complex, begun in 588 with Baekje craftsmen; the first building in Japan known to have used fired roof tiles.
- [Banpo Houses](https://roof.wiki/banpo-houses/): Semi-subterranean round houses with steep, overhanging thatched roofs at Banpo, a Yangshao culture village near Xi'an, China, about 4700-3600 BCE.
- [Beijing National Stadium](https://roof.wiki/beijing-national-stadium/): The 'Bird's Nest' stadium for the 2008 Beijing Olympics, whose roof and facade form a single lattice of about 121,000 tons of steel.
- [Border Cave](https://roof.wiki/border-cave/): Rock shelter in South Africa's Lebombo Mountains with grass bedding about 200,000 years old, among the earliest evidence of prepared resting places.
- [Bronze Age and Iron Age Roundhouse](https://roof.wiki/bronze-age-roundhouse/): The circular house with a conical thatched roof that was standard in Britain and Ireland from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age.
- [Buckminster Fuller](https://roof.wiki/buckminster-fuller/): American designer and inventor (1895-1983) who popularised the geodesic dome, patented in 1954, and designed the US Pavilion at Expo 67.
- [Budj Bim Stone Houses](https://roof.wiki/budj-bim-stone-houses/): Remains of Gunditjmara domed houses with basalt walls in the Budj Bim World Heritage landscape of south-west Victoria, Australia.
- [Catalan Vault](https://roof.wiki/catalan-vault/): A shallow vault of thin flat tiles laid in layers without formwork, from Catalonia and Valencia; brought to the US by Rafael Guastavino.
- [Çatalhöyük Roofs](https://roof.wiki/catalhoyuk-roofs/): The flat roofs of Neolithic Çatalhöyük in Turkey, where houses had no streets between them and people entered from the roof.
- [Chaitya Vault](https://roof.wiki/chaitya-vault/): The chaitya vault is the ribbed barrel-vaulted ceiling of ancient Indian Buddhist prayer halls, carved in rock to copy lost roofs of timber and thatch.
- [Chinese Glazed Roof Tiles](https://roof.wiki/chinese-glazed-roof-tiles/): Glazed ceramic roof tiles in imperial yellow, green, blue and other colours, used on Chinese palaces and temples to signal rank.
- [Chinese Imperial Roof Figures](https://roof.wiki/chinese-imperial-roof-figures/): Glazed ceramic statuettes marching along the ridges of Chinese imperial buildings; their number signalled the building's rank.
- [Chiwen](https://roof.wiki/chiwen/): Chiwen are dragon-like ornaments at the ends of Chinese roof ridges, descended from the Han-period chiwei and believed to protect buildings from fire.
- [Church of the Nativity Roof](https://roof.wiki/church-of-the-nativity-roof/): The timber-trussed, lead-covered roof of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, restored from 2013 after centuries of leaks.
- [Churches of Chiloé](https://roof.wiki/churches-of-chiloe/): Wooden churches of Chile's Chiloé archipelago, clad in timber shingles; 16 are UNESCO World Heritage Sites inscribed in 2000.
- [Crannog](https://roof.wiki/crannog/): An artificial island dwelling in a lake, bog or estuary in Scotland and Ireland, typically topped by a roundhouse with a conical roof.
- [Crystal Palace](https://roof.wiki/crystal-palace/): Joseph Paxton's iron-and-glass hall for the Great Exhibition of 1851, with a ridge-and-furrow glass roof of about 293,000 panes.
- [Dinorwic Quarry](https://roof.wiki/dinorwic-quarry/): A vast former slate quarry above Llanberis, Gwynedd, which employed over 3,000 men in the late 19th century and closed in 1969.
- [Dome of St Peter's Basilica](https://roof.wiki/st-peters-basilica-dome/): The double-shelled brick dome of St Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, designed by Michelangelo and completed in 1590 by della Porta and Fontana.
- [Dougong](https://roof.wiki/dougong/): Dougong are interlocking timber bracket sets of blocks and arms that carry the roof and deep eaves of traditional Chinese and East Asian halls.
- [Earliest Fired Clay Roof Tiles](https://roof.wiki/earliest-fired-clay-roof-tiles/): The oldest known fired clay roof tiles: Neolithic pan and cover tiles from Qiaocun, China, and early flat tiles from mainland Greece.
- [Etruscan Terracotta Roofs](https://roof.wiki/etruscan-terracotta-roofs/): Etruscan temples of central Italy, from about 600 BC, had timber roofs edged with brightly painted terracotta antefixes, revetments and ridge statues.
- [Filippo Brunelleschi](https://roof.wiki/filippo-brunelleschi/): Florentine architect and engineer (1377-1446) who designed and built the dome of Florence Cathedral without timber centring.
- [Florence Cathedral Dome](https://roof.wiki/florence-cathedral-dome/): Brunelleschi's brick double-shell dome over Florence Cathedral, built 1420-1436 and the first octagonal dome raised without temporary timber centring.
- [Foguang Temple East Hall](https://roof.wiki/foguang-temple-east-hall/): The East Hall of Foguang Temple, Shanxi, completed in 857, is one of China's oldest timber halls, with a hipped tiled roof on Tang bracket sets.
- [François Mansart](https://roof.wiki/francois-mansart/): French Baroque architect (1598-1666) whose frequent use of the double-sloped roof gave the mansard its name.
- [Frei Otto](https://roof.wiki/frei-otto/): German architect and engineer (1925-2015), a pioneer of lightweight tensile and membrane roofs, including the Munich Olympic roofs.
- [Global Spread of Corrugated Iron](https://roof.wiki/spread-of-corrugated-iron/): How corrugated galvanised iron travelled from Britain to colonial Australia, Africa, the Americas and Asia, becoming one of the world's most common roofs.
- [Great Boston Fire of 1872](https://roof.wiki/great-boston-fire-of-1872/): A fire on 9-10 November 1872 that spread across wooden mansard roofs and destroyed 776 buildings in downtown Boston.
- [Great Fire of London (1666)](https://roof.wiki/great-fire-of-london/): The fire of 2-5 September 1666 destroyed about 13,200 houses; the rebuilding laws that followed banned exterior timber and favoured brick, stone and tile.
- [Hagia Sophia Dome](https://roof.wiki/hagia-sophia-dome/): The great dome of Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, built 532-537, rebuilt after a collapse in 558 and repaired after further failures in 989 and 1346.
- [Hammerbeam Roof](https://roof.wiki/hammerbeam-roof/): An open timber roof truss of English Gothic origin in which short brackets (hammer beams) project from the walls, allowing spans longer than any single timber.
- [Hanging Gardens of Babylon](https://roof.wiki/hanging-gardens-of-babylon/): A legendary terraced garden, one of the Seven Wonders, often cited as the first roof garden; its existence and location are disputed.
- [Hassan Fathy](https://roof.wiki/hassan-fathy/): Egyptian architect (1900-1989) who revived Nubian mud-brick vaults and domes for low-cost housing, most famously at New Gourna near Luxor.
- [Hauran Basalt Corbelled Roofs](https://roof.wiki/hauran-basalt-corbelled-roofs/): Flat roofs of long basalt slabs on corbels and stone arches, used in late antique towns of the Hauran in Jordan and Syria.
- [Hemudu Stilt Houses](https://roof.wiki/hemudu-stilt-houses/): Raised timber houses of the Hemudu culture of Zhejiang, China, about 7,000 years old, with the earliest known Chinese mortise-and-tenon joints.
- [History of Asbestos Cement Roofing](https://roof.wiki/history-of-asbestos-cement-roofing/): Asbestos cement sheets and slates, patented by Ludwig Hatschek in 1900 and sold as Eternit, roofed buildings worldwide until health risks led to bans.
- [History of Asphalt Shingles](https://roof.wiki/history-of-asphalt-shingles/): Asphalt shingles were first cut from surfaced roll roofing around 1901-1903 in the United States and became North America's most common house roof.
- [History of Built-Up Roofing](https://roof.wiki/history-of-built-up-roofing/): Built-up roofing, the layered 'tar and gravel' roof of felts and bitumen, developed in 19th-century America and dominated flat roofs for decades.
- [History of Cool Roofs](https://roof.wiki/history-of-cool-roofs/): Cool roofs reflect sunlight to stay cooler; research at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Cool Roof Rating Council (1998) shaped modern practice.
- [History of Copper Roofs](https://roof.wiki/history-of-copper-roofs/): Copper has roofed temples, cathedrals and castles for centuries, prized for its long life and the green patina it develops over decades.
- [History of Green Roofs](https://roof.wiki/history-of-green-roofs/): From Scandinavian sod roofs to the modern German green roof industry of the 1970s and city mandates such as Toronto's 2009 by-law.
- [History of Japanese Kawara](https://roof.wiki/history-of-japanese-kawara/): How fired clay roof tiles (kawara) arrived in Japan with Buddhism in 588 and spread from temples to palaces, castles and ordinary houses.
- [History of Korean Giwa](https://roof.wiki/korean-giwa-history/): Giwa are Korean fired clay roof tiles, introduced with Buddhism in the 4th century and refined in the Three Kingdoms period with lotus-pattern roof-end tiles.
- [History of Roll Roofing](https://roof.wiki/history-of-roll-roofing/): Roll roofing grew from 19th-century American composition roofing into factory-made rolls of saturated felt, later surfaced with mineral granules.
- [History of Roofing](https://roof.wiki/history-of-roofing/): An overview of how people have covered buildings, from brushwood huts and thatch to fired tiles, slate, metal sheet, asphalt and synthetic membranes.
- [History of Roofing Fire Regulations](https://roof.wiki/history-of-roofing-fire-regulations/): How urban fires led cities to ban thatch and wood roofs, from London in 1212 to Boston in 1631 and 1872 and the US push against wood shingles in 1916.
- [History of Single-Ply Membranes](https://roof.wiki/history-of-single-ply-membranes/): How factory-made sheets of synthetic rubber and plastics (EPDM, CSPE, PVC, TPO) replaced much hot-applied built-up roofing on flat roofs.
- [History of Standing Seam Roofing](https://roof.wiki/history-of-standing-seam-roofing/): Standing seam roofing grew from centuries-old hand-folded joints in copper, lead and zinc sheet into today's machine-formed metal panel systems.
- [History of Thatch in Britain](https://roof.wiki/history-of-thatch-in-britain/): Thatch was the main roof of rural England until the late 1800s; around 60,000 thatched properties survive in the UK, some with base coats over 500 years old.
- [History of the Geodesic Dome](https://roof.wiki/geodesic-dome-history/): Geodesic domes, spherical frames of triangles, were first built by Walther Bauersfeld in Jena in the 1920s and popularised by Buckminster Fuller after 1948.
- [History of the Mansard Roof](https://roof.wiki/mansard-roof-history/): The mansard is a double-sloped hip roof named after François Mansart; it first appeared around 1550 and boomed with Second Empire architecture.
- [History of Timber Roof Framing](https://roof.wiki/history-of-timber-roof-framing/): How carpenters moved from simple paired rafters to medieval trusses, hammerbeams and, in modern times, factory-made metal-plate trusses.
- [Imbrex and Tegula](https://roof.wiki/imbrex-and-tegula/): The ancient Greek and Roman roof tile system of flat tiles (tegulae) with half-round tiles (imbrices) covering the joints.
- [Invention of Corrugated Iron (1829)](https://roof.wiki/invention-of-corrugated-iron/): In 1829 Henry Robinson Palmer of the London Dock Company patented corrugated metal sheets, whose ridges let thin iron span roofs unsupported.
- [Jesuit Mission Roof Tiles of South America](https://roof.wiki/jesuit-mission-roof-tiles/): Fired clay roof tiles made at the Jesuit missions of Paraguay, Argentina, Brazil and Bolivia from the 17th century, replacing straw roofs.
- [Jomon Pit Dwellings](https://roof.wiki/jomon-pit-dwellings/): Semi-sunken houses of Japan's Jomon period, with post-supported roofs of thatch or packed earth, best known from Sannai-Maruyama and Goshono.
- [Jørn Utzon](https://roof.wiki/jorn-utzon/): Danish architect (1918-2008) who designed the Sydney Opera House, with its tiled shell roofs, and won the Pritzker Prize in 2003.
- [Joseph Paxton](https://roof.wiki/joseph-paxton/): English gardener, glasshouse designer and MP (1803-1865) who designed the Crystal Palace and its ridge-and-furrow glass roof.
- [Joya de Cerén](https://roof.wiki/joya-de-ceren/): Maya farming village in El Salvador buried by a volcanic eruption around 600 CE, preserving earthen buildings and their thatched roofs.
- [Kalambo Falls Wooden Structure](https://roof.wiki/kalambo-falls-wooden-structure/): Two notched, joined logs from Kalambo Falls, Zambia, dated to at least 476,000 years ago: the oldest known structural use of wood.
- [Khmer Corbel Vault](https://roof.wiki/khmer-corbel-vault/): The stepped stone and brick vaulting, without a true arch, used to roof the temples and galleries of Angkor in Cambodia from the 9th century.
- [Lazaret Cave Shelter](https://roof.wiki/lazaret-cave-shelter/): A cave in Nice, France, where a line of stones has been interpreted as the base of a skin tent pitched against the wall about 186,000-127,000 years ago.
- [Lepenski Vir Houses](https://roof.wiki/lepenski-vir-houses/): Trapezoidal Mesolithic-Neolithic houses on the Danube in Serbia with plastered floors and stone hearths; how they were roofed is still debated.
- [Linear Pottery Longhouse](https://roof.wiki/linear-pottery-longhouse/): The long timber houses of Europe's first farmers, the Linear Pottery (LBK) culture, with thatched roofs carried on three internal rows of posts.
- [Ludwig Hatschek](https://roof.wiki/ludwig-hatschek/): Austrian industrialist (1855-1914) who patented the asbestos cement sheet process in 1900 and named the product Eternit in 1903.
- [Medieval Lead Roofs](https://roof.wiki/medieval-lead-roofs/): Sheet lead was the prestige covering for medieval cathedrals, abbeys and halls in Europe, valued for its watertightness and ease of shaping.
- [Mezhyrich Mammoth-Bone Dwellings](https://roof.wiki/mezhyrich-mammoth-bone-dwellings/): Ice Age shelters in central Ukraine built around a base of mammoth skulls and long bones, probably covered with hides or bark and weighted with tusks.
- [Millennium Dome](https://roof.wiki/millennium-dome/): London's fabric-roofed dome, 365 m (1,200 ft) across with 12 masts, opened for the year 2000 and now housing the O2 entertainment complex.
- [Munich Olympic Stadium Roof](https://roof.wiki/munich-olympic-stadium-roof/): The cable-net tent roof of acrylic glass over Munich's Olympic Park, designed by Behnisch & Partner with Frei Otto and completed in 1972.
- [Must Farm](https://roof.wiki/must-farm/): A Bronze Age stilt village in Cambridgeshire, England, that burned about 850 BCE, preserving roundhouse roofs of straw, turf and clay in the river silt.
- [Natufian Round Houses](https://roof.wiki/natufian-round-houses/): Round, semi-sunken houses with dry-stone footings built by the Natufian culture of the Levant about 15,000-11,500 years ago, before farming.
- [Notre-Dame de Paris Roof Fire (2019)](https://roof.wiki/notre-dame-de-paris-roof-fire/): The fire of 15 April 2019 destroyed Notre-Dame's 13th-century oak roof 'forest', its lead covering and spire; both were rebuilt in oak and lead by 2024.
- [Nyakatsi (Rwandan Thatched House)](https://roof.wiki/nyakatsi/): Nyakatsi is the Kinyarwanda term for a grass-thatched house; Rwanda's 2009-2011 'Bye Bye Nyakatsi' campaign replaced them with metal-roofed homes.
- [Ohalo II](https://roof.wiki/ohalo-ii/): A submerged camp on the Sea of Galilee, Israel, about 23,000 years old, with six oval brush huts: among the oldest well-preserved built shelters.
- [Ottoman Domes in the Balkans](https://roof.wiki/ottoman-domes-in-the-balkans/): Domed mosques built under Ottoman rule across the Balkans, usually brick domes covered with tiles at first and with lead sheet by the 16th century.
- [Pantheon Dome](https://roof.wiki/pantheon-dome/): The concrete dome of the Pantheon in Rome, completed around 126 CE, still the largest unreinforced concrete dome in the world at 43.3 m (142 ft).
- [Penrhyn Quarry](https://roof.wiki/penrhyn-quarry/): A slate quarry near Bethesda, Gwynedd, which at the end of the 19th century was the largest slate quarry in the world and is still worked.
- [Penrhyn Strike (1900-1903)](https://roof.wiki/penrhyn-strike/): A three-year strike and lock-out at Penrhyn slate quarry in Wales, often called the longest dispute in British industrial history.
- [Pit House](https://roof.wiki/pit-house/): A dwelling built over a pit dug into the ground, with a roof springing from at or near ground level; found worldwide from the Palaeolithic to the 20th century.
- [Prehistoric Shelters and Early Thatch](https://roof.wiki/prehistoric-shelters-and-early-thatch/): What archaeology can and cannot say about the first roofs: brushwood huts, mammoth-bone dwellings and the likely Neolithic origin of straw thatch.
- [Prehistory of Roofing](https://roof.wiki/prehistory-of-roofing/): How archaeologists reconstruct the earliest roofs and shelters, from Lower Palaeolithic woodworking to Neolithic longhouses and Bronze Age roundhouses.
- [Ramesseum Granary Vaults](https://roof.wiki/ramesseum-granary-vaults/): Mud-brick barrel-vaulted storerooms at the Ramesseum in Luxor, built under Ramesses II in the 13th century BC; among Egypt's oldest standing true arches.
- [Raupo Houses Ordinance](https://roof.wiki/raupo-houses-ordinance/): New Zealand’s first building law (1842), which taxed raupō and thatched buildings in towns to reduce fire risk.
- [Roman Brick and Tile Stamps](https://roof.wiki/roman-brick-and-tile-stamps/): Marks pressed into Roman bricks and roof tiles before firing, naming makers, owners, legions or consuls; archaeologists use them to date buildings.
- [Roofs of the Forbidden City](https://roof.wiki/forbidden-city-roofs/): The yellow-glazed tiled roofs of Beijing's imperial palace, built 1406-1420, whose colours, forms and ridge figures encode imperial rank.
- [Scandinavian Sod Roofs](https://roof.wiki/scandinavian-sod-roofs/): Turf laid over layers of birch bark, the traditional roof of rural Norway and much of Scandinavia from prehistory until the 18th-19th centuries.
- [Skara Brae and Neolithic Orkney Roofs](https://roof.wiki/skara-brae-roofs/): The debate over how the stone houses of Skara Brae, Orkney, were roofed, and the sandstone roof slabs found at the nearby Ness of Brodgar.
- [Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales](https://roof.wiki/slate-landscape-of-northwest-wales/): A UNESCO World Heritage Site inscribed in 2021, recognising the Gwynedd slate quarries that roofed much of the world from 1780 to 1940.
- [St Paul's Cathedral Dome](https://roof.wiki/st-pauls-cathedral-dome/): Christopher Wren's triple-layered dome over St Paul's Cathedral, London, completed in 1708-1711 and rising 111 m (365 ft) to the cross.
- [Sydney Opera House Roof](https://roof.wiki/sydney-opera-house-roof/): The shell roofs of the Sydney Opera House, built of precast concrete ribs and panels and clad in 1,056,006 Swedish-made ceramic tiles.
- [Taq Kasra](https://roof.wiki/taq-kasra/): The great Sasanian brick vault at Ctesiphon, Iraq, about 37 m high and 26 m wide, built without centring.
- [Terne Plate](https://roof.wiki/terne-plate/): Terne plate is iron or steel sheet coated with a dull lead-tin alloy, historically used for painted roofs; it is no longer produced.
- [Terra Amata](https://roof.wiki/terra-amata/): A Lower Palaeolithic beach site in Nice, France, interpreted as a camp of pole-and-hide huts about 400,000 years old; the interpretation is disputed.
- [Tin Roof](https://roof.wiki/tin-roof/): "Tin roof" historically meant iron sheet coated with tin (tinplate); today it is a colloquial name for almost any sheet-metal roof.
- [Viking Age Longhouse](https://roof.wiki/viking-age-longhouse/): The long, often curved-walled farmhouse of Viking Age Scandinavia, roofed with reed, straw, turf or wooden shingles depending on region and status.
- [Welsh Slate Industry](https://roof.wiki/welsh-slate-industry/): The slate quarries of north-west Wales, which by the late 19th century produced about a third of the world's roofing slate.
- [Westminster Hall Roof](https://roof.wiki/westminster-hall-roof/): The oak hammerbeam roof of Westminster Hall, London, commissioned by Richard II in 1393 and the largest medieval timber roof in northern Europe.
- [Yakhchāl](https://roof.wiki/yakhchal/): A Persian ice house: a tall domed earth structure over a deep pit, used to store ice through the desert summer.
- [Yingzao Fashi](https://roof.wiki/yingzao-fashi/): The Yingzao Fashi is a Chinese building manual by Li Jie, published in 1103, that standardised timber framing, bracketing, tiling and glazes.
- [Zinc Roofs of Paris](https://roof.wiki/zinc-roofs-of-paris/): The grey zinc roofscape of Paris, established in the mid-19th century under Napoleon III and Haussmann and proposed for UNESCO listing since 2014.

## Roofing Around the World

- [Ambohimanga Royal Houses](https://roof.wiki/ambohimanga-royal-houses/): Royal timber houses on the hill of Ambohimanga, Madagascar, including Andrianampoinimerina's rosewood house with a peaked roof on a 10 m pillar; UNESCO 2001.
- [Andean Ichu Thatch](https://roof.wiki/andean-ichu-thatch/): Grass thatch of the high Andes, made from ichu bunchgrass and used on Inca buildings, tied to stone gables with pegs and rope.
- [Aqal](https://roof.wiki/aqal/): Portable Somali dome hut of bent saplings tied to central poles and covered with woven mats, built by women and carried by camel.
- [Asante Traditional Buildings](https://roof.wiki/asante-traditional-buildings/): Earth-and-timber shrine houses near Kumasi, Ghana, once steeply thatched with palm fronds and now mostly roofed in corrugated iron.
- [Aspen Ploughshare Shingles (Lemekh)](https://roof.wiki/aspen-ploughshare-shingles/): Carved aspen shingles, called lemekh or 'ploughshares', that clad the domes, barrels and tent roofs of wooden churches in the Russian North, as at Kizhi.
- [Badgir (Windcatcher)](https://roof.wiki/badgir/): A rooftop tower that catches wind and vents hot air to cool buildings, typical of Iran and the Persian Gulf, where it is called barjeel.
- [Bahay Kubo (Nipa Hut)](https://roof.wiki/bahay-kubo/): Traditional Philippine stilt house with a tall, steep roof thatched in nipa, cogon or anahaw leaves, built for heavy rain and heat.
- [Bahay na Bato](https://roof.wiki/bahay-na-bato/): Spanish colonial Philippine house of stone and timber with a steep hipped or gabled roof of clay tile, thatch or, from the late 1800s, galvanised iron.
- [Bamileke Conical Roof](https://roof.wiki/bamileke-conical-roof/): Bamileke buildings of Cameroon's West Region pair square bamboo-panel walls with tall conical roofs; chiefdom great huts reach about 17 m.
- [Bangla Roof](https://roof.wiki/bangla-roof/): The bangla roof is a curved, drooping-eave roof form from Bengal, copied from thatched village huts into brick temples and later Mughal and Rajput buildings.
- [Barasti](https://roof.wiki/barasti/): Gulf houses and shelters built of date-palm fronds (arish), once common along the coasts of the UAE and its neighbours.
- [Batak House (Jabu)](https://roof.wiki/batak-toba-house/): Traditional houses of the Batak of North Sumatra: the Toba jabu with a huge saddleback roof and projecting gables, and tiered Karo houses with hip roofs of ijuk.
- [Batammariba Takienta (Tower-House)](https://roof.wiki/batammariba-takienta/): Earthen tower-house of the Batammariba of northern Togo and Benin, with livestock below and granaries standing on the roof terrace.
- [Bhutanese Shingle Roof](https://roof.wiki/bhutanese-shingle-roof/): The traditional Bhutanese roof is a gently pitched roof of loose pine shingles held down by stones on laths, raised above an open, ventilated loft.
- [Birch-Bark Roofing](https://roof.wiki/birch-bark-roofing/): Layers of birch bark used as a waterproof roof membrane under turf, poles or wooden shingles in Scandinavia, Finland, Russia and the Baltic region.
- [Bohío](https://roof.wiki/bohio/): Palm-thatched house of the Taíno of the Greater Antilles, still built in rural Cuba and recorded in Dominican census roof categories.
- [Burza Pash Roof (Kashmiri Birch-Bark Roof)](https://roof.wiki/burza-pash-roof/): Burza pash was the traditional Kashmiri roof of timber boards, birch bark and a layer of earth, which in spring flowered with tulips and irises.
- [Cape Dutch Thatch](https://roof.wiki/cape-dutch-thatch/): Thatched roofs over whitewashed walls and ornate gables, the signature of Cape Dutch architecture in South Africa's Western Cape.
- [Chandal Roof](https://roof.wiki/chandal-roof/): Traditional Gulf flat roof of imported mangrove poles (chandal, danshil) overlaid with bamboo, palm or reed mats and clay.
- [Chattel House](https://roof.wiki/chattel-house/): Small, movable timber house of Barbados with a steep roof, set on loose coral-stone blocks; a symbol of post-emancipation Caribbean housing.
- [Chhatri](https://roof.wiki/chhatri/): A chhatri is a small domed pavilion raised on pillars, used in Rajput and Mughal architecture as a rooftop ornament and as a memorial canopy.
- [Choga](https://roof.wiki/choga/): Choga is the Korean thatched house and its rice-straw roof, renewed every one to three years and once the home of most Korean working people.
- [Coppo (Italian Curved Tile)](https://roof.wiki/coppo-tile/): The coppo is the traditional Italian curved clay roof tile, laid as alternating channels and covers or over flat embrici, descended from Roman roofing.
- [Couvreur-Zingueur](https://roof.wiki/couvreur-zingueur/): The Parisian roofer who works zinc and slate; the skills of Paris roofers and ornamentalists joined UNESCO's intangible heritage list in 2024.
- [Cycladic Flat Roof](https://roof.wiki/cycladic-flat-roof/): Whitewashed flat masonry roof of the Greek Cyclades, built for a dry, windy climate and used to collect rainwater; often paired with domed churches.
- [Dalmatian Stone Slab Roof](https://roof.wiki/dalmatian-stone-slab-roof/): Traditional roofs of thin limestone slabs (kamene ploče) on houses and dry-stone huts (bunje) of the Croatian Adriatic coast and islands.
- [Darbazi](https://roof.wiki/darbazi/): Traditional Georgian house with a stepped, corbelled timber roof (gvirgvini) rising to a central smoke and light opening.
- [Diola Impluvium House](https://roof.wiki/diola-impluvium-house/): Round earth house of the Diola (Jola) of Casamance, Senegal, whose thatched roof slopes inward to collect rain in a central basin.
- [Djenné Earthen Architecture](https://roof.wiki/djenne-earthen-architecture/): Mud-brick houses and the Great Mosque of Djenné, Mali, with earth-covered palm-timber roofs maintained by an annual community replastering.
- [Dogon Architecture](https://roof.wiki/dogon-architecture/): Earthen houses, thatched granaries and low toguna shelters of the Dogon on the Bandiagara cliffs of Mali.
- [Dutch and Danish Reed Thatch](https://roof.wiki/dutch-and-danish-reed-thatch/): Water-reed thatched roofs of the Netherlands, Denmark and northern Germany, used on farmhouses, cottages and modern architect-designed houses.
- [Earth Lodge](https://roof.wiki/earth-lodge/): A large, dome-shaped dwelling of the Great Plains, built of a heavy timber frame covered with willow, grass and thick sod over a shallow circular pit.
- [English Thatch](https://roof.wiki/english-thatch/): Thatched roofs of England in long straw, combed wheat reed or water reed, with regional styles and a 12-15 year ridge maintenance cycle.
- [Fijian Bure](https://roof.wiki/fijian-bure/): Traditional thatched Fijian house on a raised rock base with a steep hipped roof; once a men’s house, now also a resort bungalow.
- [Fouta Djallon Thatched Architecture](https://roof.wiki/fouta-djallon-thatched-architecture/): Round earth houses and mosques of the Fulbe (Peul) of Guinea's Fouta Djallon highlands, crowned with heavy conical thatched roofs.
- [Fujian Tulou Roofs](https://roof.wiki/fujian-tulou-roofs/): Tiled roofs with wide overhanging eaves that crown the circular and square earthen tulou of Fujian, China; a UNESCO World Heritage site.
- [Funco (Cabo Verde Round House)](https://roof.wiki/funco/): Traditional round stone house of Cabo Verde with a conical roof thatched with palm fronds, found mainly on Fogo, Santiago and Maio.
- [Gando Primary School](https://roof.wiki/gando-primary-school/): School in Gando, Burkina Faso (2001), by Diébédo Francis Kéré, known for a raised metal roof floating over a ventilated earth-block ceiling.
- [Gassho-zukuri](https://roof.wiki/gassho-zukuri/): Steep thatched farmhouse roofs of Shirakawa-go and Gokayama, Japan, shaped to shed heavy snow; part of a UNESCO World Heritage site.
- [Ger Roof](https://roof.wiki/ger-roof/): The ger roof is the domed roof of the Mongolian yurt: straight uni poles rising to a wooden toono crown ring, covered with layers of felt and canvas.
- [Great Zimbabwe](https://roof.wiki/great-zimbabwe/): Medieval stone-walled capital in Zimbabwe (c. 1100-1450) whose people lived in daga huts inside and around dry-stone enclosures; UNESCO site since 1986.
- [Gunyah](https://roof.wiki/gunyah/): Aboriginal Australian shelter of bark, branches, leaves and grass, also called humpy, wurley, mia-mia or wiltija; often domed or a lean-to.
- [Haitian Gingerbread House](https://roof.wiki/haitian-gingerbread-house/): Ornate timber and masonry house of Port-au-Prince (1885-1925) with steep roofs and turrets, now mostly corrugated steel; many survived the 2010 earthquake.
- [Hanok Roof (Giwa and Choga)](https://roof.wiki/hanok-roof/): Roofs of the traditional Korean house: curved clay-tile giwa roofs of the upper classes and rice-straw choga thatch of rural commoners.
- [Harran Beehive Houses](https://roof.wiki/harran-beehive-houses/): Conical mud-brick domed houses (kümbet) of Harran in south-eastern Turkey, built without timber and vented at the top.
- [Haus Tambaran](https://roof.wiki/haus-tambaran/): Sepik spirit house of Papua New Guinea: a men’s ceremonial house with a towering painted gable and a thatched roof sloping to the ground.
- [Hausa Earth Vaults and Domes](https://roof.wiki/hausa-earth-vaults-and-domes/): Flat roofs, arches and domes of earth over cantilevered deleb-palm timber, built by Hausa master masons in northern Nigeria and Niger.
- [Hidmo](https://roof.wiki/hidmo/): Traditional rectangular stone house of Tigray (Ethiopia) and highland Eritrea, with timber ceilings carried on posts and a flat roof of soil.
- [Hiwadabuki](https://roof.wiki/hiwadabuki/): Hiwadabuki is Japanese roofing made of many thin layers of hinoki cypress bark fixed with bamboo nails, used on shrines, palaces and temples.
- [Icelandic Turf House](https://roof.wiki/icelandic-turf-house/): Traditional Icelandic building of turf blocks over a timber frame on a stone base, with a turf-covered roof; on Iceland's UNESCO Tentative List.
- [Ifugao House (Bale)](https://roof.wiki/ifugao-house/): The bale, the traditional raised one-room house of the Ifugao of northern Luzon, Philippines, with a steep pyramidal thatched roof and rat-guarded posts.
- [Irish Thatch](https://roof.wiki/irish-thatch/): Straw and reed thatched roofs on whitewashed Irish cottages, an ancient building tradition now mostly preserved on heritage and holiday homes.
- [Iroquoian Longhouse Roof](https://roof.wiki/longhouse-roof/): Rounded bark roof of the Haudenosaunee and Wendat longhouse: bent poles sheathed in elm or cedar bark, with smoke vents over a line of hearths.
- [Japanese Kawara Tile](https://roof.wiki/japanese-kawara-tile/): Fired clay roof tiles of Japan, used on temples since Buddhism's arrival and on houses since the Edo period, made in centres such as Sanshu and Sekishu.
- [Kath-kuni](https://roof.wiki/kath-kuni/): Kath-kuni is the Himachal Pradesh building tradition of mortarless timber-and-stone walls under overhanging roofs of local slate or wooden shingles.
- [Kayabuki](https://roof.wiki/kayabuki/): Kayabuki is Japanese grass thatch, usually miscanthus or reed, used on farmhouses, shrines and the steep gassho-zukuri roofs of Shirakawa-go.
- [Kerala Sloping Roof](https://roof.wiki/kerala-sloping-roof/): The long, steep, deep-eaved timber roofs of traditional Kerala architecture in south-west India, shaped by heavy monsoon rain.
- [Kershef](https://roof.wiki/kershef/): Building material of Egypt's Siwa Oasis made of salt rock and mud, used with palm-trunk roofs in the old fortress-town of Shali.
- [Kokerabuki](https://roof.wiki/kokerabuki/): Kokerabuki is a Japanese roof of very thin split cypress shingles, a few millimetres thick, fixed in close courses with bamboo nails.
- [Kozolec (Slovenian Hayrack)](https://roof.wiki/kozolec/): A kozolec is a permanent, usually roofed timber hayrack used to dry hay and maize, regarded as a symbol of Slovenian vernacular architecture.
- [Krio Board House](https://roof.wiki/krio-board-house/): Timber house of Freetown's Krio community in Sierra Leone, traced to 18th-century settlers from North America; now rare and often roofed in metal.
- [Kulla (Balkan Tower House)](https://roof.wiki/kulla-tower-house/): A kulla is a fortified stone tower house of Albania, Kosovo and neighbouring Balkan lands, with thick walls, small openings and tall stone storeys.
- [Læsø Seaweed Roof](https://roof.wiki/laeso-seaweed-roof/): A thick roof of dried eelgrass laid over timber on the Danish island of Læsø, developed in the 17th century when salt boiling had stripped the island of trees.
- [Lauze](https://roof.wiki/lauze/): A lauze is a flat stone slab of schist or limestone used as a heavy roof covering in the mountains and plateaux of southern and central France.
- [Maasai Enkaji](https://roof.wiki/maasai-enkaji/): The enkaji is the Maasai house of Kenya and Tanzania: a low, loaf-shaped shell of poles and sticks whose roof is plastered with cow dung and mud by women.
- [Macuti House](https://roof.wiki/macuti-house/): Traditional house of Mozambique Island with a hipped roof of coconut palm leaves (macuti) on mangrove poles; it gave the island's southern Macuti Town its name.
- [Makuti Thatch](https://roof.wiki/makuti-thatch/): Makuti is East African coastal thatch made of coconut palm leaves stitched over sticks into panels, tied to roof battens with sisal fibre.
- [Maloca](https://roof.wiki/maloca/): Large communal thatched longhouse of Indigenous peoples of the northwest Amazon, especially the Tukanoan peoples of Colombia and Brazil.
- [Maltese Deffun Roof](https://roof.wiki/maltese-deffun-roof/): The traditional Maltese flat roof: limestone slabs, a lime-and-stone fill, and a beaten surface of lime and crushed pottery called deffun.
- [Maneaba](https://roof.wiki/maneaba/): The great pandanus-thatched meeting house of Kiribati, built of coconut wood and coral without nails; the centre of village governance.
- [Mangalore Tile](https://roof.wiki/mangalore-tile/): Interlocking red clay roof tile first made industrially in Mangalore, India, in 1865; widely used on the west coast of India.
- [Mangh (Sindhi Windcatcher)](https://roof.wiki/mangh-windcatcher/): A mangh is a fixed rooftop windcatcher of Hyderabad, Sindh, in Pakistan, that scooped the south-west breeze down into the rooms below.
- [Maramureș Wooden Church Roofs](https://roof.wiki/maramures-church-roofs/): The steep shingle roofs and needle-like spires of the wooden churches of Maramureș, Romania, eight of which are on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
- [Matmata Troglodyte Houses](https://roof.wiki/matmata-troglodyte-houses/): Underground pit dwellings in southern Tunisia: rooms carved around a large open pit, so the ground itself forms the roof.
- [Maya Thatched House](https://roof.wiki/maya-thatched-house/): The pole-and-thatch house of the Maya world, roofed with palm leaves or grass, used from ancient times to the present in Mexico and Central America.
- [Middle Eastern Domes](https://roof.wiki/middle-eastern-domes/): Masonry domes of mud brick, baked brick and stone used across the Middle East where timber was scarce, from village houses to great mosques.
- [Mongulu (Baka Leaf Hut)](https://roof.wiki/mongulu/): The móngulu is the dome-shaped leaf hut of the Baka of the Central African rainforest: thin branches bent into a hemisphere and shingled with large leaves.
- [Moroccan Green Roof Tiles](https://roof.wiki/moroccan-green-roof-tiles/): Green glazed ceramic tiles covering pitched wooden roofs of Moroccan mosques, minaret caps, fountains and shrines, as at Fez's Al-Hamra Mosque.
- [Mudhif](https://roof.wiki/mudhif/): A vaulted guest house of bundled and arched reeds built by the Marsh Arabs of southern Iraq, a form traced back about 5,000 years.
- [Mugamba Rugo](https://roof.wiki/mugamba-rugo/): The rugo is Burundi's traditional round house: a dome of bent poles bound with papyrus rings and thatched in straw, on UNESCO's tentative list since 2007.
- [Musgum Tolek (Earthen Dome House)](https://roof.wiki/musgum-tolek/): The tolek is the Musgum earthen dome house of northern Cameroon: a self-supporting mud shell up to about 9 m tall, built in coils with raised ribs.
- [Muzibu Azaala Mpanga (Kasubi Tombs)](https://roof.wiki/muzibu-azaala-mpanga/): The Muzibu Azaala Mpanga at Kasubi, Kampala, is the great thatched dome housing Buganda royal tombs; burned in 2010, it was rebuilt by 2023.
- [Najdi Mud Roofs](https://roof.wiki/najdi-mud-roofs/): Flat earth roofs on tamarisk timber of the Najdi mud-brick architecture of central Arabia, edged by shurfat parapets.
- [Nakamal](https://roof.wiki/nakamal/): Traditional meeting house of chiefs in Vanuatu, a centre of kastom governance, anecdotally built to withstand cyclones.
- [Ndebele House Painting](https://roof.wiki/ndebele-house-painting/): Southern Ndebele tradition, from the 18th century, of painting bold geometric designs on the mud walls of homesteads in South Africa.
- [New Gourna](https://roof.wiki/new-gourna/): Village near Luxor, Egypt, built 1946-1952 by Hassan Fathy with mud-brick Nubian vaults and domes; subject of a UNESCO safeguarding project.
- [Newar Pagoda Roof](https://roof.wiki/newar-pagoda-roof/): The Newar pagoda roof is the tiered timber roof of Kathmandu Valley temples, carried on carved struts and covered with small terracotta jhingati tiles.
- [Nubian Vault](https://roof.wiki/nubian-vault/): Earth-brick vaulted roof built without formwork or timber, revived in Egypt by Hassan Fathy and now promoted across the Sahel.
- [Old Town of Ghadames](https://roof.wiki/old-town-of-ghadames/): Libyan oasis town of mud-brick houses with palm-timber roofs, roofed streets, and rooftop terraces reserved for women; a World Heritage site since 1986.
- [Onion Dome](https://roof.wiki/onion-dome/): Bulb-shaped dome tapering to a point, typical of Russian Orthodox churches and also common on churches in Bavaria and Austria.
- [Palapa](https://roof.wiki/palapa/): Open-sided shelter or house roofed with dried palm leaves, common in coastal and rural Mexico and Central America and on beaches and resorts.
- [Palauan Bai](https://roof.wiki/palauan-bai/): Palau’s traditional men’s meeting house, with a tall decorated gable and steep thatched roof, built without nails on a stone platform.
- [Palloza](https://roof.wiki/palloza/): A palloza is a round or oval stone house with a conical rye-straw thatched roof, traditional in the Ancares mountains of north-west Spain.
- [Pamiri House (Chid)](https://roof.wiki/pamiri-house/): The Pamiri house, or chid, of Tajikistan's Badakhshan region has a flat earth roof on five pillars, lit by a stepped square skylight called the chorkhona.
- [Piode (Stone Roof Slabs)](https://roof.wiki/piode/): Piode are hand-split stone slabs, usually gneiss, used as heavy traditional roofs in Ticino and neighbouring Alpine valleys of Switzerland and Italy.
- [Plank House](https://roof.wiki/plank-house/): Large rectangular house of the Pacific Northwest coast with walls and a gable or shed roof of split western red cedar planks, built for thousands of years.
- [Pyatthat](https://roof.wiki/pyatthat/): The multi-tiered spired roof of Burmese palaces, monasteries and pagodas, built in odd numbers of tiers, with nine reserved for the king.
- [Qarmaq](https://roof.wiki/qarmaq/): Inuit transitional-season house with low walls of snow, stone or sod, a whalebone frame and a roof of skins or canvas, used into the 1950s.
- [Queenslander](https://roof.wiki/queenslander/): Timber house type of Queensland, Australia, raised on stumps with verandahs and a corrugated iron roof, built from the 1840s.
- [Quincha](https://roof.wiki/quincha/): Earthquake-resistant building system of timber frames filled with cane and mud, used in Peru and Ecuador, often carrying light earth-covered roofs.
- [Ravinala Thatch](https://roof.wiki/ravinala-thatch/): Roofing of Madagascar's east coast made from the fronds of the traveller's palm (ravinala), whose flattened trunks also supply boards for floors and roofs.
- [Rock-Hewn Churches of Lalibela](https://roof.wiki/rock-hewn-churches-of-lalibela/): Eleven medieval churches carved from basalt in Lalibela, Ethiopia; their rock roofs have been covered since 2008 by temporary EU-funded shelters.
- [Rondavel](https://roof.wiki/rondavel/): Round Southern African house with a conical thatched roof on a cylindrical wall, found in South Africa, Lesotho, Eswatini and Botswana.
- [Roofing in Afghanistan](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-afghanistan/): Afghan houses are traditionally roofed either flat, with timber beams, mats and mud, or with mud-brick domes (gunbad), as in the villages around Herat.
- [Roofing in Albania](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-albania/): How Albania roofs its buildings: the stone-slab roofs of Gjirokastër, tiered houses of Berat, kulla towers of the north, and post-communist concrete.
- [Roofing in Algeria](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-algeria/): Algeria's best-documented roofing heritage is that of the Saharan ksour, above all the five fortified towns of the M'zab Valley, a World Heritage site.
- [Roofing in Andorra](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-andorra/): Andorran roofing: natural stone-slate roofs on Pyrenean rural buildings and bordes, now required by government construction criteria.
- [Roofing in Angola](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-angola/): Angolan homes are roofed with zinc sheet, fibre cement, tile, concrete slab or grass thatch; Mbanza Kongo preserves Kongo and Portuguese building.
- [Roofing in Antigua and Barbuda](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-antigua-and-barbuda/): Antiguan and Barbudan roofing: timber and concrete houses with metal-sheet roofs under a mandatory OECS-based code; Hurricane Irma stripped Barbuda's roofs in 2017.
- [Roofing in Argentina](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-argentina/): Argentine roofing: Andean grass thatch, Jesuit mission clay tile, the corrugated-iron houses of La Boca, and hand-split shingles in Patagonia.
- [Roofing in Argentina and Chile](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-argentina-and-chile/): Overview of Southern Cone roofing: Andean grass thatch, colonial clay tile, Chiloé's wooden shingles, metal sheet in the south, all with seismic design in Chile.
- [Roofing in Armenia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-armenia/): Armenian roofing: stone churches with conical tuff domes and tuff-shingle roofs, and corbelled timber glkhatun roofs in old houses.
- [Roofing in Australia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-australia/): Australian roofing: Aboriginal bark and stone-walled shelters, colonial bark and shingles, then corrugated iron, tiles and coated steel under the NCC.
- [Roofing in Austria](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-austria/): Austrian roofing: clay and concrete tiles, Alpine wooden shingles and sheet metal for heavy snow, regulated by nine state building codes and ÖNORM B 3419.
- [Roofing in Azerbaijan](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-azerbaijan/): Azerbaijani roofing: windy Absheron flat roofs with asphalt coverings, corbelled karadam lantern roofs, and modern concrete.
- [Roofing in Bahrain](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-bahrain/): Bahraini roofing: timber-and-plaster merchant houses of the Muharraq pearling towns with flat roofs on imported poles, and modern concrete.
- [Roofing in Bangladesh](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-bangladesh/): About three-quarters of Bangladeshi homes have corrugated tin (CI sheet) roofs; the curved thatched hut roof of the delta inspired the bangla roof.
- [Roofing in Barbados](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-barbados/): Barbadian roofing: the movable timber chattel house with its steep hip or gable roof, corrugated iron and concrete, under a 1993 national building code.
- [Roofing in Belarus](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-belarus/): Belarusian roofing: thatched gable roofs on log village houses, preserved at the Strochitsy open-air museum, Mir Castle's towers, and Soviet-era asbestos-cement sheet.
- [Roofing in Belgium](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-belgium/): Belgian roofing: ceramic tiles in the lowlands, Ardennes slate in the south, reed thatch in Flanders, and a historic role in zinc and fibre-cement.
- [Roofing in Belize](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-belize/): Belizean roofing: Maya pole-and-thatch houses of bay leaf and cohune palm, Garifuna thatch, and timber and metal roofs shaped by hurricanes.
- [Roofing in Benin](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-benin/): Most Beninese homes are roofed with metal sheet (tôle); heritage roofs include the straw and metal roofs of the Abomey palaces and the takienta of the north.
- [Roofing in Bhutan](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-bhutan/): Bhutan's traditional roofs are low-pitched pine-shingle roofs held by stones over open lofts; most dzongs now have iron roofs, and sloping roofs are law.
- [Roofing in Bolivia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-bolivia/): Bolivian roofing: Andean grass thatch and clay tile, tiled Jesuit churches of Chiquitos, and metal sheet (calamina) on about half of homes (2015 survey).
- [Roofing in Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-bosnia-and-herzegovina/): How Bosnia and Herzegovina roofs its buildings: steep timber roofs on Ottoman-era houses, shingle and stone-slab tower roofs, and domed mosques.
- [Roofing in Botswana](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-botswana/): Botswana's Tswana houses have conical thatched roofs on clay-plastered walls with verandahs; modern homes use iron sheet, asbestos and concrete tiles.
- [Roofing in Brazil](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-brazil/): Brazilian roofing: Indigenous thatch, Portuguese colonial telha, fibre-cement and concrete laje; 81.9% of homes had tile or sheet roofs in 2019 (PNAD).
- [Roofing in Brunei](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-brunei/): Roofing in Brunei, from the palm-leaf and timber roofs of the Kampong Ayer stilt village to the glass-mosaic dome of the Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque.
- [Roofing in Bulgaria](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-bulgaria/): Bulgarian roofing: low-pitched tiled roofs with deep eaves on Revival-period houses, heavy stone-slab (tikli) roofs in the Rhodopes and Balkan villages.
- [Roofing in Burkina Faso](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-burkina-faso/): Burkina Faso combines Sahelian earth roofs and Kassena painted houses with metal sheet, plus influential low-tech roofs such as Gando and Nubian vaults.
- [Roofing in Burundi](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-burundi/): Burundi's traditional roof is the domed straw thatch of the round rugo house, built on a frame of bent poles; recent national roofing data are scarce.
- [Roofing in Cabo Verde](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-cabo-verde/): Cabo Verde is roofed overwhelmingly with flat concrete slabs; its traditional funco round house with palm thatch survives only in a few villages.
- [Roofing in Cambodia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-cambodia/): Roofing in Cambodia, from the corbelled stone and brick temples of Angkor to timber pagodas and a housing stock now roofed mostly with metal sheet and clay tile.
- [Roofing in Cameroon](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-cameroon/): Cameroon's roofs range from Musgum earthen domes and Bamileke conical thatch to Baka leaf huts; corrugated iron has replaced many older forms.
- [Roofing in Canada](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-canada/): Canadian roofing: Inuit snow and sod houses, bark longhouses, cedar plank houses and Norse turf; today asphalt shingles and metal under the National Building Code.
- [Roofing in Chad](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-chad/): Chad's roofs range from flat earth roofs of Kotoko walled towns and thatched round huts in the south to nomads' tents; iron and concrete are spreading fast.
- [Roofing in Chile](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-chile/): Chilean roofing: Andean thatch, Mapuche ruka, Chiloé's shingled churches, Valparaíso's zinc; metal and fibre-cement sheets cover 68% of homes (2024).
- [Roofing in China](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-china/): Chinese roofing from the earliest known composite tiled roofs (c. 2400-2200 BCE) through ranked imperial tile roofs to concrete and steel today.
- [Roofing in Colombia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-colombia/): Colombian roofing: Amazonian palm-thatched malocas, colonial clay tile in Cartagena, bahareque coffee-region houses, and fibre-cement 'eternit' and zinc today.
- [Roofing in Comoros](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-comoros/): Roofing in the Comoros is poorly documented; the islands' historic Swahili stone medinas, inscribed by UNESCO in 2026, are the best-recorded buildings.
- [Roofing in Costa Rica](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-costa-rica/): Costa Rican roofing: metal sheet on lightweight frames dominates under a seismic code first written after the 1972-73 earthquakes and revised in 2025.
- [Roofing in Côte d'Ivoire](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-cote-divoire/): Côte d'Ivoire roofs are overwhelmingly metal sheet (tôle) over concrete-block houses; its earthen Sudanese-style mosques are its main heritage roofs.
- [Roofing in Croatia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-croatia/): How Croatia roofs its buildings: stone-slab roofs and dry-stone bunje on the Dalmatian coast, clay tile inland, and the all-stone vault of Šibenik Cathedral.
- [Roofing in Cuba](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-cuba/): Cuban roofing: the palm-thatched Taíno bohío, colonial tile, and today a near even split between concrete roofs and light sheet roofs, repeatedly tested by hurricanes.
- [Roofing in Cyprus](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-cyprus/): How Cyprus roofs its buildings: Neolithic flat roofs, earth-on-reed roofs in the lowlands, pitched tiled roofs in the Troodos mountains, and modern concrete.
- [Roofing in Czechia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-czechia/): Czech roofing: steep clay beaver-tail (bobrovka) roofs, Moravian-Silesian slate, Baroque village gables and slate roofs in Prague.
- [Roofing in Denmark](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-denmark/): Danish roofing: reed thatch, Læsø seaweed roofs, red clay tiles and copper spires, and today a stock dominated by fibre-cement, tile and flat built-up roofs.
- [Roofing in Djibouti](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-djibouti/): Djibouti's traditional shelters are portable Afar and Somali huts of branches and woven mats; towns use stone, coral and masonry with white-painted walls.
- [Roofing in Dominica](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-dominica/): Dominican (Commonwealth) roofing: Hurricane Maria in 2017 damaged 98% of roofs, prompting stronger housing standards with thicker rafters and purlins.
- [Roofing in East Africa](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-east-africa/): Overview of roofing in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and Ethiopia: grass thatch traditions largely replaced by corrugated iron sheets (mabati).
- [Roofing in Ecuador](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-ecuador/): Ecuadorian roofing: colonial tile over earthen walls in Quito and Cuenca, cane-and-mud quincha houses on the coast, and metal and fibre-cement today.
- [Roofing in Egypt](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-egypt/): Egypt's roofs run from stone-slab temple roofs and some of the oldest standing mud-brick vaults to Nubian domes, Siwa salt-mud houses and today's concrete.
- [Roofing in El Salvador](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-el-salvador/): Salvadoran roofing: Joya de Cerén's ash-buried thatch of about 600 CE, bahareque and tile houses, and metal and concrete roofs in a quake-prone land.
- [Roofing in Equatorial Guinea](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-equatorial-guinea/): Equatorial Guinea combines Spanish colonial buildings in Malabo and Bata with Fang villages centred on the abaá, a communal 'house of the word'.
- [Roofing in Eritrea](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-eritrea/): Eritrea's roofs range from flat soil-roofed hidmo stone houses and agudo round huts to the modernist concrete of Asmara, a World Heritage city since 2017.
- [Roofing in Estonia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-estonia/): Estonian roofing: the tall thatched roof of the barn-dwelling (rehielamu), of reed or rye straw, over chimneyless log farmhouses, and modern steel and membrane roofs.
- [Roofing in Eswatini](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-eswatini/): Eswatini homes are overwhelmingly roofed with corrugated metal sheet; grass thatch survives on a small share of homes, including round thatched huts.
- [Roofing in Ethiopia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-ethiopia/): Ethiopia's roofs range from Lalibela's rock-hewn churches and Tigray's soil-roofed hidmo to thatched tukuls; corrugated iron now rivals thatch.
- [Roofing in Fiji](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-fiji/): Fijian roofing: steep thatched bure and vale on raised bases, now almost entirely metal sheet, tested by Cyclone Winston in 2016.
- [Roofing in Finland](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-finland/): Finnish roofing: birch-bark pole roofs, tarred shingles on wooden churches, Iron Age tar-making, and today's steel sheet roofs built for snow and frost.
- [Roofing in France](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-france/): French roofing: interlocking and flat clay tiles, southern canal tiles, slate, Paris zinc and mountain lauzes, governed by NF DTU rules and ten-year liability.
- [Roofing in Gabon](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-gabon/): Gabon's cheapest village houses are mud under palm fronds; brick and cinder-block houses take corrugated metal roofs, and Baka camps use leaf domes.
- [Roofing in Georgia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-georgia/): Georgian roofing: corbelled timber darbazi roofs, conical church domes on tall drums, and the stone tower houses of Svaneti.
- [Roofing in Germany](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-germany/): German roofing: Biberschwanz and interlocking clay tiles, concrete tiles, Mosel slate, northern reed thatch, green roofs and a regulated roofers' craft.
- [Roofing in Ghana](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-ghana/): Ghana's roofs are overwhelmingly metal sheet today, replacing palm and grass thatch; the 2021 census also records asbestos, concrete and earth roofs.
- [Roofing in Greece](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-greece/): How Greece roofs its buildings: the birthplace of the European clay tile, with Minoan flat roofs, Byzantine domes, Cycladic terraces and stone roofs in Epirus.
- [Roofing in Greenland](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-greenland/): Greenlandic roofing: Inuit winter houses of stone, turf and whalebone, Norse stone-and-turf farms, imported Danish timber houses and today's prefabricated buildings.
- [Roofing in Grenada](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-grenada/): Grenadian roofing: timber and concrete houses with metal-sheet hip roofs under an OECS-based code; Hurricane Beryl in 2024 destroyed or damaged most buildings on Carriacou.
- [Roofing in Guatemala](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-guatemala/): Guatemalan roofing: Maya thatch and stone vaults, colonial tile in Antigua, and today metal sheet on 68.1% of homes (2018 census).
- [Roofing in Guinea](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-guinea/): Guinea is mostly roofed with metal sheet, but nearly a quarter of homes kept thatch in 2013; Fouta Djallon is known for heavy conical thatched roofs.
- [Roofing in Guinea-Bissau](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-guinea-bissau/): Guinea-Bissau's homes are mostly roofed with zinc or metal sheet, but about a fifth are still thatched with straw, one of the highest shares in the region.
- [Roofing in Guyana](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-guyana/): Guyanese roofing: timber houses raised above floods with shingle or metal roofs, palm thatch inland, and St George's, a giant wooden cathedral.
- [Roofing in Haiti](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-haiti/): Haitian roofing: Taíno thatch, timber gingerbread houses of 1885-1925, then heavy concrete slabs whose failures in the 2010 earthquake reshaped rebuilding.
- [Roofing in Honduras](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-honduras/): Honduran roofing: Maya stone and thatch at Copán, Garifuna thatched houses on the Caribbean coast, colonial tile, and modern metal sheet.
- [Roofing in Hong Kong](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-hong-kong/): Hong Kong roofing: tiled roofs of walled villages and early tenements, replaced by flat concrete roofs on dense high-rises designed for typhoon winds.
- [Roofing in Hungary](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-hungary/): Hungarian roofing: straw and reed thatch on purlin-and-rafter roofs, shingles in the hills, Palóc villages like Hollókő, and Zsolnay glazed ceramic roofs.
- [Roofing in Iceland](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-iceland/): Icelandic roofing: a thousand years of turf over driftwood frames, then painted corrugated iron and concrete, built for wind, rain, freeze-thaw and earthquakes.
- [Roofing in India](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-india/): Indian roofing runs from rock-cut chaitya vaults and Mughal domes to Mangalore tiles; today concrete slabs, tiles, metal sheets and thatch cover most homes.
- [Roofing in Indonesia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-indonesia/): Roofing in Indonesia, from horned, saddle and towering vernacular roofs of ijuk, bamboo and thatch to clay tile, now on about 56% of houses.
- [Roofing in Iran](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-iran/): Iranian roofing: mud-brick and brick vaults and domes, windcatchers and ice houses on the plateau, pitched roofs on the wet Caspian coast.
- [Roofing in Iraq](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-iraq/): Iraqi roofing: reed mudhif halls of the southern marshes, Mesopotamian mud brick, the Sasanian vault of Taq Kasra and modern flat concrete roofs.
- [Roofing in Ireland](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-ireland/): Irish roofing: a thatch tradition replaced by slate and later concrete tile and fibre-cement slate, all built to resist Atlantic wind and rain.
- [Roofing in Israel](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-israel/): Israeli roofing: flat concrete roofs crowned with solar water heaters, mandatory since 1980, and the Modernist flat roofs of the White City.
- [Roofing in Italy](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-italy/): How Italy roofs its buildings: coppi and Roman-style tile roofs, stone slabs in the Alps and Puglia, flat terraces in the south, and many landmark domes.
- [Roofing in Jamaica](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-jamaica/): Jamaican roofing: Taíno thatch, Georgian timber and zinc, and modern concrete; a 2018 Building Act adopted the International Building Code.
- [Roofing in Japan](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-japan/): Japanese roofing: kayabuki thatch, cypress-bark and shingle temple roofs and kawara clay tile, now joined by lighter metal and slate for earthquakes.
- [Roofing in Jordan](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-jordan/): Jordanian roofing: basalt slab roofs on corbels and arches at Umm el-Jimal, the rock-cut city of Petra, and modern flat concrete roofs.
- [Roofing in Kazakhstan](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-kazakhstan/): Kazakh roofing runs from the felt-domed yurt and its shangyrak crown, a national emblem, to Timurid brick domes and Soviet-era flat-roofed apartment blocks.
- [Roofing in Kenya](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-kenya/): Kenya is roofed mainly in iron sheets (mabati): 80% of households in the 2019 census, replacing grass, papyrus, dung and palm-leaf makuti roofs.
- [Roofing in Kiribati](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-kiribati/): Kiribati roofing: pandanus-thatched maneaba meeting houses and homes on coral atolls; thatch still covers over half of household roofs.
- [Roofing in Kosovo](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-kosovo/): Roofing in Kosovo: thick-walled stone kulla tower houses of the Dukagjini region and domed medieval Serbian Orthodox monasteries such as Visoki Dečani.
- [Roofing in Kuwait](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-kuwait/): Kuwaiti roofing: courtyard houses of sea stone and mud roofed with East African mangrove poles, windcatchers, and modern concrete landmarks.
- [Roofing in Kyrgyzstan](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-kyrgyzstan/): Kyrgyzstan's emblematic roof is the felt yurt with its tunduk crown, shown on the national flag; most houses are earth or brick with timber roofs.
- [Roofing in Laos](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-laos/): Roofing in Laos, known for the sweeping tiered temple roofs of Luang Prabang, with bamboo and timber stilt houses and colonial brick buildings.
- [Roofing in Latvia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-latvia/): Latvian roofing: steep gabled thatched roofs of rye straw and reed on farmsteads, a gable form echoed in Riga's Art Nouveau, and a small revival of thatch.
- [Roofing in Lebanon](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-lebanon/): Lebanese roofing: the pyramidal red Marseille-tile roof of the 19th-century central hall house, and the flat concrete roofs that replaced it.
- [Roofing in Lesotho](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-lesotho/): Most Lesotho homes have corrugated metal roofs, while thatched round houses (mokhoro) still make up over a quarter of households in survey data.
- [Roofing in Liberia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-liberia/): Liberia's homes are mainly roofed with zinc (corrugated metal sheet), which has steadily replaced the thatch of rural villages.
- [Roofing in Libya](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-libya/): Libya's best-documented traditional roofs are in Ghadames, where mud-brick houses with palm-trunk structure carry rooftop terraces reserved for women.
- [Roofing in Liechtenstein](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-liechtenstein/): Liechtenstein roofing: pitched roofs on old timber farmhouses of the Rhine valley and modern Alpine houses, regulated by the 2008 Building Act.
- [Roofing in Lithuania](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-lithuania/): Lithuanian roofing: thatched farmsteads of five ethnographic regions, wooden fishermen's houses of the Curonian Spit, and modern steel and membrane roofs.
- [Roofing in Luxembourg](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-luxembourg/): Luxembourg roofing: slate from the Ardennes uplands, mined at Haut-Martelange until 1986, on houses, castles and churches across the Grand Duchy.
- [Roofing in Madagascar](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-madagascar/): Madagascar roofs are mostly grass or palm thatch and metal sheet; the highlands add steep tiled brick houses and royal timber houses with roof horns.
- [Roofing in Malawi](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-malawi/): Malawi is split between iron-sheet and grass-thatch roofs: in recent survey data metal sheet covers just over half of households and thatch most of the rest.
- [Roofing in Malaysia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-malaysia/): Roofing in Malaysia, from steep atap-thatched Malay houses with long, five-ridged and limas roofs to modern tile and metal under the Uniform Building By-Laws 1984.
- [Roofing in Mali](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-mali/): Mali is a heartland of flat earth roofs on timber, from Djenné and Timbuktu to Dogon villages; metal sheet and concrete now dominate new building.
- [Roofing in Malta](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-malta/): How Malta roofs its buildings: flat limestone-slab roofs sealed with lime and crushed-pottery deffun, corbelled giren huts, and modern concrete roofs.
- [Roofing in Mauritania](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-mauritania/): Mauritania's caravan towns of Chinguetti and Ouadane are built of dry stone with flat roofs timbered in palm wood; nomadic tents were long the main shelter.
- [Roofing in Mauritius](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-mauritius/): Mauritius moved from thatch and iron-on-timber roofs to concrete after cyclones Alix and Carol destroyed nearly 40% of its housing in 1960.
- [Roofing in Mexico](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-mexico/): Mexican roofing: Maya corbel vaults, palm thatch and colonial tile and brick vaults; today 78.6% of homes have concrete slab roofs (2020 census).
- [Roofing in Micronesia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-micronesia/): Roofing in the Federated States of Micronesia: thatched faluw and houses, Nan Madol’s basalt city, and today mostly metal or concrete roofs.
- [Roofing in Moldova](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-moldova/): Moldovan roofing: four- and two-pitched roofs of reed over wattle-and-clay village houses, carved wooden gable 'spears', and Soviet-era asbestos-cement sheet.
- [Roofing in Monaco](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-monaco/): Monaco roofing: terracotta tiles on older buildings, a dense high-rise skyline, and government promotion of green and solar roofs.
- [Roofing in Mongolia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-mongolia/): Mongolian roofing centres on the felt-covered ger with its crown ring and radiating poles, alongside concrete and panel buildings in Ulaanbaatar.
- [Roofing in Montenegro](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-montenegro/): How Montenegro roofs its buildings: karst stone houses with curved clay tiles, earlier straw, slate or stone slabs, and the Venetian towns of Kotor Bay.
- [Roofing in Morocco](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-morocco/): Morocco combines flat earth roofs of kasbahs and ksour, cedar ceilings, green-tiled pitched roofs on mosques, and flat roofs required in new districts from 1914.
- [Roofing in Mozambique](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-mozambique/): Mozambique's roofs range from the palm-leaf macuti houses and stone town of Mozambique Island to today's corrugated iron and fibre-cement sheet.
- [Roofing in Myanmar](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-myanmar/): Roofing in Myanmar (Burma), from the brick vaults of Bagan and teak monasteries crowned by tiered pyatthat to dhani palm thatch and corrugated metal sheet.
- [Roofing in Namibia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-namibia/): Most Namibian homes are roofed with corrugated iron, but grass thatch still covered about a quarter of households in the 2011 census sample.
- [Roofing in Nauru](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-nauru/): Nauru roofing: a phosphate-era housing stock of metal roofs on concrete or board walls, with roof gutters feeding household water tanks.
- [Roofing in Nepal](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-nepal/): Nepal is known for the tiered, tile-roofed Newar pagodas of the Kathmandu Valley; its houses use thatch, tile, slate, iron sheet and concrete.
- [Roofing in New Zealand](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-new-zealand/): New Zealand roofing: Māori lashed timber and thatch, colonial raupō, shakes and iron, then profiled steel, tiles and post-leaky-building rules.
- [Roofing in Nicaragua](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-nicaragua/): Nicaraguan roofing: colonial tile and the vaulted León Cathedral, Caribbean-coast thatch and timber, and metal sheet in a hurricane- and quake-prone country.
- [Roofing in Niger](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-niger/): In Niger, flat earth roofs remain among the most common, alongside metal sheet and straw; Agadez is a landmark of Saharan mud-brick building.
- [Roofing in Nigeria](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-nigeria/): Nigerian roofing runs from Hausa earth domes and Yoruba and Igbo thatch to today's near-universal metal sheet, locally called 'zinc', and concrete slabs.
- [Roofing in North Africa](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-north-africa/): Overview of roofing in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt: flat roof terraces, earth kasbahs, domes and vaults, cedar ceilings and concrete today.
- [Roofing in North Korea](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-north-korea/): North Korean roofing shares the Korean giwa tile and choga thatch tradition; modern Pyongyang mixes concrete flat roofs with monumental tiled roofs.
- [Roofing in North Macedonia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-north-macedonia/): Roofing in North Macedonia: Byzantine domed churches of Ohrid, Ottoman mosque domes in Skopje, and a building code shaped by the 1963 Skopje earthquake.
- [Roofing in Norway](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-norway/): Norwegian roofing: birch-bark and turf roofs, tarred stave-church shingles, phyllite slate and today's tile, steel and membranes, built for snow, rain and wind.
- [Roofing in Oman](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-oman/): Omani roofing: mud-brick forts and villages with flat roofs on palm-log or teak beams, painted ceilings, sarooj, and modern concrete.
- [Roofing in Pakistan](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-pakistan/): Pakistani roofs are mostly flat: concrete slabs in cities, and roofs on steel girders, timber or bamboo in villages, in a country of high earthquake risk.
- [Roofing in Palau](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-palau/): Palauan roofing: the steep, decorated bai meeting house thatched with pandanus or nipa palm, and modern metal and concrete roofs.
- [Roofing in Palestine](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-palestine/): Palestinian roofing from Neolithic Jericho to the lead-covered timber roof of the Church of the Nativity and modern flat concrete roofs.
- [Roofing in Panama](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-panama/): Panamanian roofing: colonial tile in the Casco Antiguo, palm and straw thatch in Indigenous comarcas, and metal sheet and concrete in modern homes.
- [Roofing in Papua New Guinea](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-papua-new-guinea/): PNG roofing: steep thatch of palm leaf, pandanus or grass on lashed frames, towering Sepik spirit houses, and a shift to metal sheet.
- [Roofing in Paraguay](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-paraguay/): Paraguayan roofing: Guaraní straw roofs replaced by fired clay tile in the Jesuit missions of the 17th-18th centuries, a tradition still visible today.
- [Roofing in Peru](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-peru/): Peruvian roofing: Inca ichu thatch, Uros reed houses, Lima's quincha and earth roofs; today concrete covers 42.8% and metal or fibre-cement 39.2% (2017).
- [Roofing in Poland](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-poland/): Polish roofing: shingled wooden churches, Zakopane-style highland roofs, clay tile, asbestos sheets to remove by 2032, and a market led by metal roofing.
- [Roofing in Poland and Eastern Europe](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-poland-and-eastern-europe/): Overview of roofing in Poland and Eastern Europe: wooden shingle heritage, clay and concrete tile, metal sheet tiles and legacy asbestos-cement sheets.
- [Roofing in Portugal](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-portugal/): How Portugal roofs its buildings: low-pitched clay tile roofs almost everywhere, schist and slate in the interior, and flat terraces in the Algarve.
- [Roofing in Puerto Rico](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-puerto-rico/): Puerto Rican roofing: concrete slabs and zinc sheet over a Taíno and Spanish past; after Hurricane Maria in 2017 nearly 60,000 homes received temporary blue roofs.
- [Roofing in Qatar](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-qatar/): Qatari roofing: layered flat roofs of danshil mangrove poles, bamboo or palm mats and clay on coral and limestone walls; GSAS for new buildings.
- [Roofing in Romania](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-romania/): Romanian roofing: fir-shingle church spires of Maramureș, reed thatch in the Danube Delta, Saxon tiled roofs with Sibiu's 'eyes', and seismic and snow codes.
- [Roofing in Russia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-russia/): Russian roofing: timber tent roofs, onion domes clad in aspen shingles, painted sheet iron, Soviet asbestos slate and flat panel-block roofs, and today's metal tile.
- [Roofing in Rwanda](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-rwanda/): Rwanda's roofs are iron sheets and locally made clay tiles; grass-thatched nyakatsi houses were removed nationwide in a 2009-2011 government campaign.
- [Roofing in Saint Kitts and Nevis](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-saint-kitts-and-nevis/): Kittitian and Nevisian roofing: timber and concrete houses with hip roofs and metal sheet, regulated through the OECS Building Code adapted for the federation.
- [Roofing in Saint Lucia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-saint-lucia/): Saint Lucian roofing: steep hip and gable roofs on timber houses, corrugated metal sheet, and building regulation based on the OECS model code.
- [Roofing in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-saint-vincent-and-the-grenadines/): Vincentian roofing: metal-sheet hip roofs on timber and concrete houses under the OECS code; Hurricane Beryl in 2024 damaged about 90% of homes on Union Island.
- [Roofing in Samoa](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-samoa/): Samoan roofing: the open-sided fale with a domed thatched roof lashed with sennit, now largely roofed with corrugated iron.
- [Roofing in San Marino](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-san-marino/): Roofing in San Marino, a hilltop microstate on Mount Titano whose stone fortifications and historic centre are a UNESCO World Heritage site.
- [Roofing in São Tomé and Príncipe](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-sao-tome-and-principe/): São Tomé and Príncipe's built heritage is dominated by about 200 colonial cocoa and coffee roças; six were inscribed as World Heritage in 2026.
- [Roofing in Saudi Arabia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-saudi-arabia/): Saudi roofing: Najdi mud-brick flat roofs on tamarisk beams, coral-stone tower houses of Jeddah, rock-cut Hegra and today’s insulated concrete roofs.
- [Roofing in Scandinavia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-scandinavia/): Overview of roofing in Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland: turf and timber traditions, clay and concrete tiles, sheet metal and designs for snow.
- [Roofing in Senegal](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-senegal/): Senegal mixes metal sheet, concrete slabs and thatch more evenly than its neighbours; Dakar is mostly concrete, while Casamance has thatched impluvium houses.
- [Roofing in Serbia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-serbia/): How Serbia roofs its buildings: domed medieval churches, high-hipped log houses with straw or shingle roofs, tiled bondruk houses and modern tile and metal.
- [Roofing in Seychelles](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-seychelles/): Seychelles Creole houses have high-pitched roofs, first of pandanus thatch and, after 1902 in Victoria, corrugated iron, over timber frames and verandahs.
- [Roofing in Sierra Leone](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-sierra-leone/): Most Sierra Leone homes have corrugated metal ('zinc') roofs; thatch survives in rural areas and Freetown's timber Krio board houses are a threatened heritage.
- [Roofing in Singapore](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-singapore/): Roofing in Singapore, from attap and zinc kampong roofs to the flat concrete roofs of HDB blocks, now widely fitted with solar panels and greenery.
- [Roofing in Slovakia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-slovakia/): Slovak roofing: hand-split spruce and larch shingles on log villages such as Vlkolínec, Carpathian wooden churches, and the STN 73 1901 roof standard.
- [Roofing in Slovenia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-slovenia/): How Slovenia roofs its buildings, from straw- and shingle-roofed kozolec hayracks and Alpine herders' huts to modern tiled and metal roofs.
- [Roofing in Somalia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-somalia/): Somalia's roofs range from the nomadic aqal, a dome of saplings and woven mats, to medieval stone and coral-stone towns such as Mogadishu's Hamar Weyne.
- [Roofing in South Africa](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-south-africa/): South African homes are mostly roofed in corrugated metal and tile, with a regulated thatching trade (SANS 10407) and shelter evidence back to Border Cave.
- [Roofing in South Korea](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-south-korea/): South Korean roofing: giwa clay tiles and choga rice-straw thatch, replaced from the 1970s by slate and concrete, with flat roofs on today's apartment towers.
- [Roofing in South Sudan](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-south-sudan/): In South Sudan most households live in round tukul huts with conical grass-thatch roofs; metal sheet covered only about 3% of homes in a 2010 survey sample.
- [Roofing in Southeast Asia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-southeast-asia/): Overview of roofing in Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines and Malaysia: steep tropical roofs, clay tile, thatch and widespread metal sheet.
- [Roofing in Southern Africa](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-southern-africa/): Overview of Southern African roofing: thatched rondavels and Cape Dutch homes, widespread corrugated iron, and concrete and clay tiles in suburbs.
- [Roofing in Spain](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-spain/): How Spain roofs its buildings: curved clay teja árabe across the centre and south, natural slate in the rainy north-west, and flat azoteas in dry areas.
- [Roofing in Sri Lanka](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-sri-lanka/): Most Sri Lankan homes have asbestos-cement sheet or clay tile roofs; older roofs range from the bronze-tiled Lovamahapaya to Kandyan tiled image houses.
- [Roofing in Sudan](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-sudan/): Sudan's roofs range from Nubian mud-brick vaults and flat clay roofs to thatched round huts; thatch, local earth roofs and metal sheet dominate today.
- [Roofing in Suriname](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-suriname/): Surinamese roofing: Paramaribo's UNESCO-listed timber houses with steep roofs, mostly of corrugated iron, rebuilt after the fires of 1821 and 1832.
- [Roofing in Sweden](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-sweden/): Swedish roofing: turf and birch bark, tarred pine shingles on churches, Stockholm tar, and today's concrete tiles, steel sheet and felt, designed for snow.
- [Roofing in Switzerland](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-switzerland/): Swiss roofing: deep-eaved chalet roofs, tiled farmhouses, stone-slab roofs in Ticino, Valais and Graubünden, and Basel's extensive green roofs.
- [Roofing in Syria](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-syria/): Syrian roofing: mud beehive domes of the north, basalt slab roofs of the Hauran, red-tiled central hall houses and modern flat concrete.
- [Roofing in Taiwan](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-taiwan/): Taiwanese roofing: Indigenous stone-slab and thatch houses, Hokkien swallowtail-ridge temples, then concrete roofs topped by countless steel rooftop additions.
- [Roofing in Tajikistan](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-tajikistan/): Tajikistan's distinctive roof is the flat earth roof of the Pamiri house (chid), carried on five pillars and lit by a stepped skylight, the chorkhona.
- [Roofing in Tanzania](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-tanzania/): Tanzania is roofed mostly in iron sheets (85% of households in 2022), with grass or leaf thatch at 12%; its coast has medieval coral-stone domes and vaults.
- [Roofing in Thailand](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-thailand/): Roofing in Thailand, from tiered temple roofs with chofa finials and naga bargeboards to regional stilt houses with tall gables, clay or wooden tiles and thatch.
- [Roofing in the Arctic and Greenland](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-the-arctic/): Overview of roofing in Greenland and the Arctic: turf and timber traditions, metal and membrane roofs today, designed for snow, wind, cold and ice.
- [Roofing in the Bahamas](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-the-bahamas/): Bahamian roofing: timber and shingle traditions under an early mandatory Caribbean building code, tested by Category 5 Hurricane Dorian in 2019.
- [Roofing in the Caribbean](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-the-caribbean/): Overview of Caribbean roofing: steep hip roofs, corrugated metal and concrete slabs, shaped above all by hurricane winds.
- [Roofing in the Central African Republic](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-the-central-african-republic/): Most Central African Republic homes are sun-dried brick under wild-grass or palm-frond thatch; cement-block houses with metal-sheet roofs mark wealth.
- [Roofing in the Democratic Republic of the Congo](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo/): Most DRC households still live under thatch or palm leaf, with metal sheet on under a third (2017-18); Mangbetu royal halls were vast timber vaults.
- [Roofing in the Dominican Republic](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-the-dominican-republic/): Dominican roofing: from the Taíno bohío to zinc and concrete; the 2022 census found 50.9% of homes with concrete roofs and 47.5% with zinc sheet.
- [Roofing in the Gambia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-the-gambia/): In the Gambia about four in five homes are roofed with corrugated metal sheet, about one in ten with thatch, and a few with concrete.
- [Roofing in the Maldives](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-the-maldives/): The coral stone mosques of the Maldives record a shift from coconut-palm thatch on timber roofs to clay tiles and then metal sheet.
- [Roofing in the Marshall Islands](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-the-marshall-islands/): Marshallese roofing: pandanus-thatched roofs on four posts with a rat-proof loft, largely replaced by galvanised and aluminium sheet.
- [Roofing in the Middle East and Gulf](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-the-middle-east-and-gulf/): Overview of roofing in the Middle East and Gulf: flat masonry and concrete roofs, domes and windcatchers, with heat, sun and rare heavy rain as drivers.
- [Roofing in the Netherlands](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-the-netherlands/): Dutch roofing: ceramic pantiles and interlocking tiles, a thriving reed-thatch trade with strict fire rules, and flat roofs turning green and blue.
- [Roofing in the Netherlands and Belgium](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-the-netherlands-and-belgium/): Overview of Low Countries roofing: ceramic pantiles and flat tiles, a living reed-thatch tradition and many flat roofs with membranes and greenery.
- [Roofing in the Pacific Islands](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-the-pacific-islands/): Overview of Pacific Islands roofing: thatched timber buildings lashed with sennit, largely replaced by corrugated metal, built for cyclones.
- [Roofing in the Philippines](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-the-philippines/): Roofing in the Philippines runs from nipa and cogon thatch on stilt houses to colonial clay tile, and today about 86% of homes use galvanised iron or aluminium sheet.
- [Roofing in the Republic of the Congo](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-the-republic-of-the-congo/): In the Republic of the Congo, village houses are mostly mud brick with thatched or metal roofs, while urban houses in Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire are concrete.
- [Roofing in the Solomon Islands](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-the-solomon-islands/): Solomon Islands roofing: sago-palm leaf thatch on timber frames, now mostly corrugated iron, with thatch still common in villages.
- [Roofing in the United Arab Emirates](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-the-united-arab-emirates/): UAE roofing: palm-frond arish houses, coral and mud-brick houses with windtowers, and modern concrete roofs under Estidama and Dubai green codes.
- [Roofing in the United Kingdom](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-the-united-kingdom/): UK roofing: Welsh, Scottish and Cornish slate, clay and concrete tiles, stone slates and thatch, built for a wet, windy maritime climate.
- [Roofing in the United States](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-the-united-states/): US roofing: from Pueblo earth roofs and bark longhouses to colonial shingles and slate; today asphalt shingles on houses and membranes on flat roofs, under ICC codes.
- [Roofing in Timor-Leste](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-timor-leste/): Roofing in Timor-Leste, from tall thatched sacred houses (uma lulik) to a housing stock where 81% of roofs were modern materials such as metal sheet by 2015.
- [Roofing in Togo](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-togo/): Togo's roofs are now mostly metal sheet, replacing the thatch still common in 2010; the Batammariba tower-houses of Koutammakou are its roofing landmark.
- [Roofing in Tonga](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-tonga/): Tongan roofing: lashed fale structures survive mainly in churches and halls; nearly all homes now have metal roofs, tested by Cyclone Gita.
- [Roofing in Trinidad and Tobago](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-trinidad-and-tobago/): Trinidad and Tobago roofing: steep-gabled Victorian gingerbread houses with dormers, colonial slate and timber roofs, and modern sheet and concrete roofs.
- [Roofing in Tunisia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-tunisia/): Tunisia's roofs include early Islamic domes at Kairouan, fortified flat terraces on Djerba, and Matmata's pit houses, which have no roof at all.
- [Roofing in Turkey](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-turkey/): Turkish roofing from Neolithic roof-entry houses at Çatalhöyük to Ottoman lead domes, clay tile, flat earth roofs and modern concrete.
- [Roofing in Turkmenistan](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-turkmenistan/): Turkmenistan's roofing heritage centres on the brick domes of Merv and Kunya-Urgench; the 1948 Ashgabat earthquake reshaped modern construction.
- [Roofing in Tuvalu](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-tuvalu/): Tuvalu roofing: atoll houses and maneapa meeting halls once thatched, now overwhelmingly corrugated iron with gutters feeding rainwater tanks.
- [Roofing in Uganda](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-uganda/): Uganda's roofs are mostly iron sheets (72% of households in 2014) but thatch still covered a quarter of homes; the Kasubi royal tombs are a great thatched dome.
- [Roofing in Ukraine](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-ukraine/): Ukrainian roofing: four-sloped straw and reed thatch on whitewashed khatas, shingle-clad wooden tserkvas in the Carpathians, Soviet shifer and post-war repair.
- [Roofing in Uruguay](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-uruguay/): Uruguayan roofing: Portuguese-Spanish colonial tile in Colonia del Sacramento, and modern concrete, metal sheet and tile in a temperate, low-seismicity land.
- [Roofing in Uzbekistan](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-uzbekistan/): Uzbekistan's Silk Road cities are known for brick domes and tiled cupolas; houses were mud-brick with painted timber ceilings; Tashkent was rebuilt after 1966.
- [Roofing in Vanuatu](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-vanuatu/): Vanuatu roofing: natangura sago-palm thatch and nakamal meeting houses alongside corrugated iron, both battered by Cyclone Pam in 2015.
- [Roofing in Vatican City](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-vatican-city/): Roofing in Vatican City, the 44-hectare papal state whose skyline is dominated by the double-shelled masonry dome of St Peter's Basilica.
- [Roofing in Venezuela](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-venezuela/): Venezuelan roofing: Yanomami palm-thatched shabonos, earthen colonial Coro with Dutch Caribbean influence, and modern concrete and metal sheet.
- [Roofing in Vietnam](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-vietnam/): Roofing in Vietnam, from Dong Son-era stilt houses and handmade yin-yang clay tiles to the glazed double roofs of Hue and modern concrete tube houses.
- [Roofing in West Africa](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-west-africa/): Overview of West African roofing: Sahelian earth roofs and coastal thatch traditions, now mostly corrugated metal and concrete slabs.
- [Roofing in Yemen](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-yemen/): Yemeni roofing: flat-roofed earth tower houses of Sana’a and Shibam, kept watertight by constant re-mudding, now threatened by floods and war.
- [Roofing in Zambia](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-zambia/): Zambian roofs are mainly metal sheet and grass thatch; national surveys also record asbestos, cement-fibre sheet, mud tiles and 'harvey tiles'.
- [Roofing in Zimbabwe](https://roof.wiki/roofing-in-zimbabwe/): Zimbabwe's roofs run from Great Zimbabwe's daga huts and thatch to modern asbestos-cement and iron sheet, which cover most homes in recent surveys.
- [Roofs of the Troodos Painted Churches](https://roof.wiki/troodos-painted-church-roofs/): Steep timber roofs with flat hooked tiles that cover the Byzantine painted churches of the Troodos mountains in Cyprus, a UNESCO World Heritage site.
- [Royal Palaces of Abomey](https://roof.wiki/royal-palaces-of-abomey/): Earth-walled palaces of the Dahomey kings in Abomey, Benin, roofed with straw and sheet metal and decorated with painted bas-reliefs.
- [Ruka (Mapuche House)](https://roof.wiki/ruka/): Traditional Mapuche house of Chile and Argentina: a timber frame thatched with straw or reeds, with one east-facing door and a central hearth.
- [Rumah Gadang](https://roof.wiki/rumah-gadang/): The traditional Minangkabau house of West Sumatra, Indonesia, known for its curved, horn-like gonjong roof peaks thatched with palm fibre.
- [Sahelian Earthen Roofs](https://roof.wiki/sahelian-earthen-roofs/): Flat or slightly domed roofs of timber and mud used across the Sudano-Sahelian belt of West Africa, from Mali to northern Nigeria.
- [Samoan Fale](https://roof.wiki/samoan-fale/): Open-sided Samoan house with a domed roof on timber posts, traditionally thatched with sugarcane leaves and lashed with coconut-fibre sennit.
- [Schindel (Alpine and Central European Wood Shingles)](https://roof.wiki/schindel/): Hand-split wooden roof and wall shingles traditional in the Alps and Central Europe, made from spruce, pine or larch and still used on heritage buildings.
- [Seychellois Creole House](https://roof.wiki/seychellois-creole-house/): Timber house of the Seychelles with a high-pitched roof, first of pandanus thatch and later corrugated iron, a large verandah and raised stone foundations.
- [Shabono](https://roof.wiki/shabono/): Ring-shaped communal dwelling of the Yanomami of Venezuela and Brazil: a continuous palm-thatched lean-to roof around an open central plaza.
- [Shibam Tower Houses](https://roof.wiki/shibam-tower-houses/): The mud-brick tower houses of Shibam, Yemen, up to 11 storeys high, whose walls and roofs depend on constant re-mudding.
- [Shifer (Asbestos-Cement Slate)](https://roof.wiki/shifer/): Shifer is the common Russian and Ukrainian name for corrugated asbestos-cement roofing sheet, the standard rural roof of the Soviet Union and its successor states.
- [Siheyuan Roof](https://roof.wiki/siheyuan-roof/): Ridged, tiled roofs of the siheyuan courtyard houses of Beijing and northern China, with curved eaves and a south-facing main hall.
- [Spanish Mediterranean Terracotta Roof](https://roof.wiki/spanish-mediterranean-terracotta-roof/): Low-pitched roof of curved terracotta tiles laid in alternating channels and caps, typical of Spain and the Mediterranean and of Spanish colonial architecture.
- [St Stephen's Cathedral Roof](https://roof.wiki/st-stephens-cathedral-roof/): The steep glazed-tile roof of St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna, about 230,000 tiles forming eagles and coats of arms, rebuilt on steel after a 1945 fire.
- [Stave Church Roofs](https://roof.wiki/stave-church-roofs/): Steep, tiered timber roofs of Norway's medieval stave churches, such as Urnes (UNESCO) and Borgund, built to shed heavy rain and snow.
- [Stone Roofs of Gjirokastër](https://roof.wiki/gjirokaster-stone-roofs/): The flat dressed-stone roofs of Gjirokastër, Albania, an Ottoman-era hill town known as the "City of Stone" and a UNESCO World Heritage site.
- [Stone Roofs of Zagori](https://roof.wiki/zagori-stone-roofs/): Roofs of limestone or sandstone slabs, held by their own weight, on the stone villages of Zagori in Epirus, Greece, a UNESCO cultural landscape.
- [Swahili Coral-Stone House](https://roof.wiki/swahili-coral-stone-house/): The Swahili coral-stone house of the East African coast has lime-bonded coral walls and heavy coral roofs on mangrove-pole joists that limit rooms to about 3 m wide.
- [Swallowtail Roof](https://roof.wiki/swallowtail-roof/): A swallowtail roof has a main ridge whose ends sweep up and split like a swallow's tail, typical of Hokkien temples and mansions in Fujian and Taiwan.
- [Tandrotrano](https://roof.wiki/tandrotrano/): Malagasy 'roof horns': gable timbers crossed above the ridge of highland houses, whose length once signalled the rank of a noble family.
- [Thai Temple Roof](https://roof.wiki/thai-temple-roof/): The tiered, steep roof of Thai Buddhist halls and palaces, with overlapping tiers, naga bargeboards (lamyong), hang hong finials and the bird-beak chofa.
- [Tongkonan](https://roof.wiki/tongkonan/): Ancestral house of the Toraja of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, raised on piles under a huge boat-shaped saddleback roof of layered bamboo.
- [Torvtak (Scandinavian Turf Roof)](https://roof.wiki/torvtak/): Traditional Norwegian and Scandinavian roof of birch bark covered with layers of turf, still used on cabins and heritage buildings.
- [Traditional Thai House (Ruean Thai)](https://roof.wiki/traditional-thai-house/): The raised timber or bamboo house of Thailand, with a steep gable roof and long eaves, built in distinct central, northern, northeastern and southern forms.
- [Trulli of Alberobello](https://roof.wiki/trulli-of-alberobello/): Dry-stone limestone houses in Puglia, Italy, capped by conical corbelled roofs of stone slabs; a UNESCO World Heritage property.
- [Tukul](https://roof.wiki/tukul/): Round hut of mud, poles and grass with a conical thatched roof, typical of South Sudan, Sudan, Ethiopia and Eritrea.
- [Tunduk and Shangyrak (Yurt Crown)](https://roof.wiki/tunduk-and-shangyrak/): The tunduk (Kyrgyz) or shangyrak (Kazakh) is the wooden crown ring at the top of a Central Asian yurt roof, and a national symbol of both countries.
- [Uma Lulik](https://roof.wiki/uma-lulik/): The sacred clan house of Timor-Leste, a raised timber house with a tall, steep roof of thatch or palm leaves, rebuilt widely since independence.
- [Uros Totora Reed Houses](https://roof.wiki/uros-totora-houses/): Houses of totora reed built by the Uros on floating reed islands in Lake Titicaca, Peru, with walls and roofs of woven reed mats.
- [Viga-and-Latilla Roof](https://roof.wiki/viga-and-latilla-roof/): Flat earth roof of the American Southwest built on round log beams (vigas) and small poles (latillas), used since Ancestral Puebloan times.
- [Wharenui](https://roof.wiki/wharenui/): The Māori meeting house at the heart of a marae in New Zealand; its gabled roof structure represents the body of an ancestor.
- [Wooden Churches of Southern Małopolska](https://roof.wiki/wooden-churches-of-southern-malopolska/): Six medieval log churches in southern Poland with tall, steep shingled roofs; inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2003.
- [Wooden Tserkva Roofs of the Carpathians](https://roof.wiki/wooden-tserkva-roofs/): Shingle-clad tiered domes and pyramidal roofs of the Orthodox and Greek Catholic log churches (tserkvas) of the Carpathians in Poland, Ukraine and Slovakia.
- [Zulu Beehive Hut](https://roof.wiki/zulu-beehive-hut/): Hemispherical Zulu dwelling (indlu) of bent sapling arches covered in two layers of grass thatch, tied down by ropes gathered at an apex top-knot.

## Climate, Hazards & Sustainability

- [Asphalt Shingle Recycling](https://roof.wiki/asphalt-shingle-recycling/): Reprocessing old and scrap asphalt shingles, mainly by grinding them for use in asphalt road paving.
- [Attic Condensation](https://roof.wiki/attic-condensation/): Moisture that condenses on the underside of a roof deck or framing, usually from warm indoor air leaking into a cold attic.
- [Basel Green Roof Policy](https://roof.wiki/basel-green-roof-policy/): Basel, Switzerland, has required green roofs on new and renovated flat roofs since a 2002 law change, with rules aimed at biodiversity.
- [Blue Roof](https://roof.wiki/blue-roof/): A flat or low-slope roof designed to store rainwater temporarily and release it slowly, reducing peak flows to storm sewers.
- [Building-Integrated Photovoltaics](https://roof.wiki/building-integrated-photovoltaics/): Photovoltaic products that replace conventional building materials in the roof or facade, generating electricity while forming part of the building envelope.
- [Bushfire Attack Level (BAL)](https://roof.wiki/bushfire-attack-level/): Australia's rating of a building site's bushfire exposure, from BAL-LOW to BAL-FZ, which sets construction requirements including roofing.
- [Class A Fire Rating](https://roof.wiki/class-a-fire-rating/): The highest fire classification for roof coverings under ASTM E108 and UL 790, for roofs effective against severe external fire exposure.
- [Climate Change and Roofing](https://roof.wiki/climate-change-and-roofing/): How a warming climate is expected to change the hazards roofs face, from stronger storms and heavier rain to heat, wildfire and shifting snow.
- [Coastal Salt Corrosion](https://roof.wiki/coastal-corrosion/): Accelerated corrosion of metal roofing, fasteners and flashings caused by salt spray and humidity near the sea.
- [Cool Metal Roofing](https://roof.wiki/cool-metal-roofing/): Cool metal roofs use reflective, highly emissive finishes that bounce sunlight and shed absorbed heat, lowering roof temperatures and cooling loads.
- [Cool Roof](https://roof.wiki/cool-roof/): A roof with high solar reflectance and high thermal emittance that stays cooler in sunlight, reducing cooling loads and urban heat.
- [Copenhagen Green Roof Policy](https://roof.wiki/copenhagen-green-roof-policy/): Since 2010, Copenhagen has required green roofs on new buildings with roofs sloped under 30 degrees, as part of climate adaptation.
- [Earthquakes and Roofs](https://roof.wiki/earthquake-roofing/): How roof weight, attachment and bracing affect building performance in earthquakes, and why heavy tile roofs on weak frames are a known risk.
- [Ember-Resistant Roof Details](https://roof.wiki/ember-resistant-roofing/): Roof vents, gutters, closures and edges designed to keep wind-blown embers from igniting debris or entering the building during a wildfire.
- [Embodied Carbon of Roofing](https://roof.wiki/embodied-carbon-roofing/): The greenhouse gas emissions from making, transporting, installing, maintaining and disposing of roofing materials, as opposed to operating the building.
- [Environmental Product Declaration (EPD)](https://roof.wiki/environmental-product-declaration/): A verified document reporting the life cycle environmental impacts of a product, such as a roofing material, using standard rules.
- [FORTIFIED Roof](https://roof.wiki/fortified-roof/): A voluntary US construction standard from IBHS that upgrades roof edges, deck sealing and attachment to reduce hurricane and high-wind damage.
- [Freeze-Thaw Damage](https://roof.wiki/freeze-thaw-damage/): Cracking, spalling and flaking of porous roofing materials caused by water freezing and thawing repeatedly inside pores and cracks.
- [French Green Roof and Solar Law (2015)](https://roof.wiki/french-green-roof-law/): A 2015 French law requiring roofs of new buildings in commercial zones to be partly covered with plants or solar panels.
- [Green Roof](https://roof.wiki/green-roof/): A roof partly or fully covered with vegetation and growing medium over a waterproofing membrane, used for stormwater, cooling and habitat.
- [Green Roofs in Germany](https://roof.wiki/green-roofs-in-germany/): Germany pioneered modern green roof technology and guidelines, and many German cities support green roofs through planning rules and fees.
- [Hail Damage to Roofs](https://roof.wiki/hail-damage/): Damage caused when hailstones strike roofing: bruising and granule loss on shingles, cracked tiles and slates, dented metal and punctured membranes.
- [Heat Island Group (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)](https://roof.wiki/heat-island-group/): A research group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California that studies cool roofs, cool pavements and urban heat islands.
- [Hurricane Roof Damage](https://roof.wiki/hurricane-roof-damage/): How tropical cyclones (hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones) damage roofs, from lost coverings and edges to deck blow-off and wind-driven rain.
- [Hurricane Tie](https://roof.wiki/hurricane-tie/): A metal strap or clip that fastens a rafter or truss to the wall to resist wind uplift; also called a hurricane clip or hurricane strap.
- [Ice Dam](https://roof.wiki/ice-dam/): A ridge of ice that forms at the eaves of a snow-covered roof and traps meltwater, which can then back up under the roofing and leak.
- [Impact Resistance Rating (UL 2218 and FM 4473)](https://roof.wiki/impact-resistance-rating/): Laboratory classifications (Class 1 to Class 4) that rank roof coverings by resistance to simulated hail impacts.
- [Metal Roofing Recycling](https://roof.wiki/metal-roof-recycling/): Recovery of aluminium, steel, copper and zinc roofing at end of life, and the recycled content used in new metal roofing.
- [Rainwater Harvesting from Roofs](https://roof.wiki/rainwater-harvesting-roofs/): Collecting rain that falls on a roof for storage and reuse, and how the roof material affects the quality of the collected water.
- [Roof Drainage Design](https://roof.wiki/roof-drainage-design/): Planning slopes, gutters, drains, scuppers and overflows so that a roof sheds rain quickly, including during intense storms.
- [Roof Insurance and Depreciation](https://roof.wiki/roof-insurance-depreciation/): How property insurers value roofs by age and condition, including actual cash value versus replacement cost settlements.
- [Roof Insurance Discounts](https://roof.wiki/roof-insurance-discounts/): Premium credits some insurers give for roofs built to resist wind or hail, such as FORTIFIED designations, wind mitigation features and Class 4 coverings.
- [Roof Life-Cycle Cost](https://roof.wiki/roof-life-cycle-cost/): The total cost of owning a roof over a set period, including installation, maintenance, repairs, energy effects, replacement and disposal.
- [Roof Lifespan Comparison](https://roof.wiki/roof-lifespan-comparison/): Typical service lives of common roofing materials, from asphalt shingles and membranes to tile, slate and metal, and what shortens or extends them.
- [Roof Wind Pressure Zones](https://roof.wiki/roof-wind-pressure-zones/): Areas of a roof (field, edge, corner) assigned different wind design pressures because suction is strongest near edges and corners.
- [Roof-to-Wall Connection](https://roof.wiki/roof-to-wall-connection/): The joint that fastens rafters or trusses to the top of the walls; a key link in the load path that keeps a roof on in high winds.
- [Roofing Fatality Statistics](https://roof.wiki/roofing-fatality-statistics/): Data showing roofing as one of the deadliest occupations in the United States, with falls causing most deaths.
- [Roofing Market Size and Statistics](https://roof.wiki/roofing-market-size/): Estimates of the size and growth of the global roofing materials market, with the dates and limits of the figures.
- [Roofing Waste and Landfill](https://roof.wiki/roofing-waste/): Waste generated by roof replacement and construction, its share of construction and demolition debris, and ways to reduce it.
- [Roofing Workforce](https://roof.wiki/roofing-workforce/): The people who install and repair roofs, their numbers, pay and outlook, with US Bureau of Labor Statistics data.
- [Rooftop Solar PV](https://roof.wiki/rooftop-solar-pv/): Photovoltaic panels mounted on building roofs to generate electricity, and the roofing issues of load, attachment, waterproofing and roof life.
- [Rooftop Solar Water Heater](https://roof.wiki/rooftop-solar-water-heater/): A roof-mounted solar collector and tank that heats domestic water; Israel made them mandatory on most new buildings in 1980.
- [Sealed Roof Deck](https://roof.wiki/sealed-roof-deck/): A roof deck whose panel joints are sealed with tape or a self-adhered membrane so rain cannot pass through if the covering is lost.
- [Secondary Water Barrier](https://roof.wiki/secondary-water-barrier/): A layer beneath the roof covering that limits water entry if shingles, tiles or panels are torn off in a storm.
- [Shingle Wind Resistance Ratings](https://roof.wiki/shingle-wind-rating/): Test classifications such as ASTM D3161 and ASTM D7158 that indicate how well steep-slope roofing resists wind blow-off.
- [Singapore Skyrise Greenery](https://roof.wiki/singapore-skyrise-greenery/): Singapore's policies and incentives that encourage rooftop and vertical greenery on buildings, including the Skyrise Greenery Incentive Scheme.
- [Single-Ply Membrane Recycling](https://roof.wiki/single-ply-membrane-recycling/): Collection and recycling of PVC, TPO and other thermoplastic roofing membranes, including Europe's Roofcollect scheme.
- [Snow Load](https://roof.wiki/snow-load/): The weight of accumulated snow and ice that a roof must be designed to carry, derived from local ground snow data and roof shape.
- [Snow Sliding and Snow Guards](https://roof.wiki/snow-sliding/): The sudden release of snow and ice from a sloped roof, and the guards and rails installed to break it up and hold it in place.
- [Solar Reflectance](https://roof.wiki/solar-reflectance/): The fraction of incoming sunlight a surface reflects, from 0 (absorbs all) to 1 (reflects all); also called albedo.
- [Solar Roof Mounting Systems](https://roof.wiki/solar-roof-mounting/): Racking that secures solar panels to roofs: penetrating rail systems, seam clamps on metal roofs and ballasted racks on flat roofs.
- [Thermal Emittance](https://roof.wiki/thermal-emittance/): How efficiently a surface releases absorbed heat as infrared radiation, rated from 0 to 1; high values help roofs stay cool.
- [Tornado Roof Damage](https://roof.wiki/tornado-roof-damage/): How tornado winds strip roof coverings, lift decks and remove roof structures, and how the Enhanced Fujita scale uses roof damage to rate tornadoes.
- [Toronto Green Roof Bylaw](https://roof.wiki/toronto-green-roof-bylaw/): A 2009 City of Toronto bylaw requiring green roofs on many new large buildings, with coverage that rises with building size.
- [Urban Heat Island](https://roof.wiki/urban-heat-island/): The tendency of cities to be warmer than surrounding rural areas, driven partly by dark roofs and pavement that absorb sunlight.
- [UV and Heat Degradation of Roofing](https://roof.wiki/uv-degradation-roofing/): How sunlight and heat break down roofing materials over time through photo-oxidation, embrittlement, chalking and loss of protective surfaces.
- [Wildfire Roofing](https://roof.wiki/wildfire-roofing/): Roof design and materials that reduce the chance of a building igniting from embers, radiant heat or flames during a wildfire or bushfire.
- [Wind Uplift](https://roof.wiki/wind-uplift/): The upward suction and pressure that wind exerts on a roof, which must be resisted by the covering, deck, fasteners and framing.

## Problems, Repair & Maintenance

- [Alligatoring](https://roof.wiki/alligatoring/): A pattern of shrinkage cracks resembling alligator skin on aged asphalt, coal-tar or coated roof surfaces exposed to sun and heat.
- [Animal and Bird Damage to Roofs](https://roof.wiki/animal-damage/): Damage by squirrels, raccoons, rats, birds, possums and insects that chew, tear or nest in roofs, vents, soffits and attics.
- [Attic Mould](https://roof.wiki/attic-mold/): Mould growth on attic sheathing and framing, almost always driven by moisture from indoor air leaks, exhaust ducts or roof leaks.
- [Copper Run-Off and Staining](https://roof.wiki/copper-runoff-staining/): Rainwater flowing off copper carries dissolved copper that can stain masonry green and corrode aluminium, zinc and zinc-coated steel downstream.
- [Creep in Lead and Zinc Roofing](https://roof.wiki/creep-in-sheet-metal/): Creep is the slow, permanent stretching of soft metals such as lead and zinc under their own weight and repeated thermal movement, causing thinning and tears.
- [Emergency Roof Tarping](https://roof.wiki/emergency-roof-tarping/): Covering a damaged roof temporarily with a tarp or plastic sheeting to keep water out until permanent repairs can be made.
- [Fastener Back-Out](https://roof.wiki/fastener-back-out/): Gradual loosening of screws or nails so their heads rise above the roof surface, breaking the seal and creating leak points.
- [Flashing Failure](https://roof.wiki/flashing-failure/): Breakdown of the metal or membrane pieces that seal a roof at walls, chimneys, valleys and penetrations; a leading cause of roof leaks.
- [Galvanic Corrosion and Metal Compatibility](https://roof.wiki/galvanic-corrosion/): Galvanic corrosion is accelerated attack on one metal when it touches, or is wetted by run-off from, a more noble metal; it governs which roof metals can be combined.
- [Granule Loss](https://roof.wiki/granule-loss/): The shedding of the mineral granules that coat asphalt shingles; normal in small amounts, a warning sign when heavy, patchy or premature.
- [Gutter Problems](https://roof.wiki/gutter-problems/): Common faults in roof gutters and downpipes, including clogging, overflow, incorrect pitch, ice build-up, leaking joints and sagging.
- [Hail Resistance of Metal Roofs](https://roof.wiki/hail-resistance-metal-roofs/): Metal roofs are hard to puncture by hail; many assemblies reach UL 2218 Class 4, though large hailstones can still leave cosmetic dents.
- [Korean Asbestos Slate Roofs](https://roof.wiki/korean-asbestos-slate-roofs/): Asbestos-cement slate roofs spread across rural South Korea from the 1970s; since 2011 local governments subsidise their removal and replacement.
- [Leaky Homes Crisis](https://roof.wiki/leaky-homes-crisis/): New Zealand’s weathertightness failure affecting timber-framed buildings built 1988-2004, estimated in 2009 to cost about NZ$11.3 billion.
- [Lichen on Roofs](https://roof.wiki/lichen-on-roofs/): Crusty, slow-growing patches formed by a fungus and alga partnership that cling tightly to roofs and are hard to remove without damage.
- [Membrane Shrinkage](https://roof.wiki/membrane-shrinkage/): Permanent loss of size in some single-ply roof membranes, which can pull on flashings, tear seams and lift edges.
- [Metal Roof Noise: Myth and Fact](https://roof.wiki/metal-roof-noise/): Metal roofs over a solid deck and insulation are generally no louder in rain than other roofs; noise is mainly an issue with sheets over open framing.
- [Metal Roofs and Lightning: Myth and Fact](https://roof.wiki/metal-roofs-and-lightning/): Metal roofs do not attract lightning; strike risk depends on height, terrain and storm frequency, and metal's noncombustibility can reduce fire risk.
- [Nail Pops](https://roof.wiki/nail-pops/): Roofing or deck nails that work upward and lift or puncture the shingle above, creating a bump and a possible leak point.
- [Nail Sickness](https://roof.wiki/nail-sickness/): Failure of the nails holding slates or tiles, usually through corrosion, so units slip or fall even though the slates themselves are sound.
- [Oil Canning](https://roof.wiki/oil-canning/): Oil canning is visible waviness in the flat areas of metal panels caused by locked-in stress or restrained movement; it is generally cosmetic.
- [Red Rust on Metal Roofs](https://roof.wiki/red-rust/): Iron oxide corrosion on steel roofing that appears once the protective zinc or zinc-aluminium coating has been used up or damaged.
- [Ridge Repointing and Rebedding](https://roof.wiki/ridge-repointing/): Renewal of the mortar that beds and seals ridge and hip tiles; in the UK, current standards also require mechanical fixing of these tiles.
- [Roof Age Estimation](https://roof.wiki/roof-age-estimation/): Methods for working out how old a roof is, using records, permits, product markings and physical condition.
- [Roof Algae (Black Streaks)](https://roof.wiki/roof-algae/): Dark streaks on roofs, especially asphalt shingles, caused by airborne cyanobacteria commonly identified as Gloeocapsa magma.
- [Roof Blistering](https://roof.wiki/roof-blistering/): Raised bubbles in asphalt shingles or low-slope membranes caused by trapped gas, moisture or volatiles expanding under heat.
- [Roof Cleaning Methods](https://roof.wiki/roof-cleaning/): Ways of removing algae, moss, lichen and dirt from roofs, chiefly low-pressure soft washing, manual removal and pressure washing.
- [Roof Inspection After Storms](https://roof.wiki/storm-damage-inspection/): How to check a roof safely after wind, hail or heavy rain, document damage, and arrange temporary protection and professional assessment.
- [Roof Insurance Claims](https://roof.wiki/roof-insurance-claims/): A neutral overview of how property insurance claims for roof damage generally work, including coverage types, depreciation and documentation.
- [Roof Leak Detection](https://roof.wiki/roof-leak-detection/): The process of tracing where water actually enters a roof, which is often some distance from where it appears inside the building.
- [Roof Maintenance Checklist by Season](https://roof.wiki/roof-maintenance-checklist/): A season-by-season list of routine roof checks and upkeep tasks for homes and low-slope buildings, plus inspections after major storms.
- [Roof Moss](https://roof.wiki/roof-moss/): Moss growth on shaded, damp roofs that holds water, lifts shingles and tiles, and blocks drainage if left to build up.
- [Roof Repair vs Replacement](https://roof.wiki/repair-vs-replace/): The factors owners and roofers weigh when deciding whether to fix part of a roof or replace the whole covering.
- [Roof Rot (Fascia, Soffit and Deck)](https://roof.wiki/wood-rot/): Fungal decay of roof timbers such as fascia boards, soffits, sheathing and rafter ends, caused by long-term wetting.
- [Sagging Roof Deck](https://roof.wiki/sagging-roof-deck/): A visible dip or wave in a roof plane caused by deflecting sheathing, rafters, trusses or ridge, from overload, decay or inadequate framing.
- [Seam Failure](https://roof.wiki/seam-failure/): Opening or separation of the joints between sheets of a roof membrane or metal panel, allowing water into the roof assembly.
- [Shingle Curling, Clawing and Cupping](https://roof.wiki/shingle-curling/): Distortion of asphalt shingles in which edges turn up (cupping) or corners and middles lift (clawing), usually from age, heat or moisture.
- [Slate Delamination](https://roof.wiki/slate-delamination/): The splitting and flaking of roofing slate into thin layers as it weathers, marking the end of an individual slate's service life.
- [Slipped and Cracked Roof Tiles](https://roof.wiki/tile-slippage/): Displacement or breakage of clay or concrete roof tiles from failed fixings, impact, foot traffic, frost or movement.
- [Thatch Maintenance and Decay](https://roof.wiki/thatch-maintenance/): The care cycle of a thatched roof, including periodic ridge replacement, patching, and eventual rethatching as the coatwork wears away.
- [White Rust (Wet Storage Stain)](https://roof.wiki/white-rust/): A white, powdery zinc corrosion product that forms on galvanised steel kept wet without air, often while panels are bundled in storage.
- [Wind Damage](https://roof.wiki/wind-damage/): Roof damage caused by wind uplift, typically lifted, creased, torn or missing shingles, tiles or panels, often starting at edges.
- [Zinc and Copper Strips](https://roof.wiki/zinc-and-copper-strips/): Metal strips fixed near a roof's ridge whose rain runoff carries metal ions that discourage moss, algae and lichen below.

## Tools & Equipment

- [Aviation Snips](https://roof.wiki/aviation-snips/): Compound-lever hand shears for cutting sheet metal, colour-coded by cut direction: red for left, green for right, yellow for straight.
- [Chalk Line](https://roof.wiki/chalk-line/): A reel of string coated in powdered chalk that is stretched and snapped to mark long straight lines for laying shingle courses, battens and panels.
- [Drone Roof Inspection](https://roof.wiki/drone-roof-inspection/): Use of small unmanned aircraft with cameras to photograph, measure and map roofs without climbing onto them.
- [Electronic Leak Detection (ELD)](https://roof.wiki/electronic-leak-detection/): Methods that use low or high voltage and a conductive layer under a membrane to pinpoint breaches in roofing and waterproofing.
- [Hand Seamer](https://roof.wiki/hand-seamer/): A plier-like sheet metal tool with broad flat jaws used to bend, fold, flatten and close edges and seams on flashing and metal roofing.
- [Hemming Tool](https://roof.wiki/hemming-tool/): A sheet metal tool that folds a panel edge back on itself, forming the hems used at metal roof eaves, valleys, rakes and trims.
- [Hot-Air Welder](https://roof.wiki/hot-air-welder/): A tool that blows heated air between overlapping thermoplastic membrane sheets, fusing seams on TPO and PVC roofs.
- [Infrared Roof Thermography](https://roof.wiki/infrared-roof-thermography/): Thermal imaging of a roof, usually after sunset, to find areas where wet insulation holds heat differently from dry areas.
- [Ladder Standoff and Roof Ladder Accessories](https://roof.wiki/ladder-standoff/): Attachments that hold a ladder away from gutters and walls, extend its rails above the roof edge, or secure it, improving access to roofs.
- [Magnetic Sweeper](https://roof.wiki/magnetic-sweeper/): A wheeled or hand-held magnet used to pick up dropped roofing nails and metal debris from lawns, driveways and decks after roof work.
- [Mechanical and Electric Seamers](https://roof.wiki/power-seamer/): Motorised or hand-cranked machines that travel along standing seam metal roof panels, folding the seams into single or double locks.
- [Moisture Meter (Roofing)](https://roof.wiki/moisture-meter/): A handheld instrument that indicates moisture in roof materials, either through pins that measure resistance or pinless sensors.
- [Pitch Gauge and Roofing Calculator](https://roof.wiki/pitch-gauge/): Tools and methods for measuring roof slope, expressed as rise per run or degrees, and for converting roof dimensions into material quantities.
- [Portable Roll Former](https://roof.wiki/portable-roll-former/): A trailer- or truck-mounted machine that forms metal roofing panels from flat coil on the job site, allowing long continuous panels.
- [Roof Jacks and Toe Boards](https://roof.wiki/roof-jacks/): Metal brackets nailed to a pitched roof to hold planks that give roofers footing and catch materials; toe boards are the planks or cleats they support.
- [Roof Moisture Survey](https://roof.wiki/roof-moisture-survey/): A systematic test of a low-slope roof to locate wet insulation, using infrared, nuclear or impedance scanning verified by core samples.
- [Roof Tile Cutting Tools](https://roof.wiki/tile-cutting/): Tools for cutting clay and concrete roof tiles, chiefly angle grinders and saws with diamond blades, plus manual cutters that limit silica dust.
- [Roofing Harness and Anchors (Personal Fall Arrest)](https://roof.wiki/personal-fall-arrest-system/): A full-body harness, connector and roof anchor system that stops a roofer's fall; required in many countries for work at height.
- [Roofing Hatchet (Shingling Hatchet)](https://roof.wiki/roofing-hatchet/): A hammer-hatchet used for hand-nailing and trimming shingles and shakes, often with an adjustable gauge for setting exposure.
- [Roofing Hoists and Conveyors](https://roof.wiki/roofing-hoist/): Powered lifts, ladder hoists, conveyors and cranes that move shingles, tiles and other roofing materials from the ground to the roof.
- [Roofing Kettle](https://roof.wiki/roofing-kettle/): A fuel-fired tank that melts and heats asphalt or coal tar for hot-applied built-up roofing and other hot-mopped systems.
- [Roofing Nailer (Coil Nailer)](https://roof.wiki/roofing-nailer/): A pneumatic or cordless nail gun fed by coils of short, wide-headed nails, used mainly to fasten asphalt shingles and underlayment.
- [Roofing Shovel (Tear-Off Tool)](https://roof.wiki/roofing-shovel/): A long-handled spade with a notched or serrated blade and a fulcrum heel, used to strip old shingles and nails during tear-off.
- [Roofing Torch](https://roof.wiki/roofing-torch/): A propane-fuelled open-flame torch used to melt the bitumen on torch-applied modified bitumen membranes during installation.
- [Seam Probe](https://roof.wiki/seam-probing/): A small hooked or blunt-pointed hand tool drawn along the edge of welded or taped membrane seams to find unbonded voids.
- [Sheet Metal Brake](https://roof.wiki/sheet-metal-brake/): A bending machine that clamps sheet metal and folds it along a straight line, used to make flashings, trims, drip edges and panels.
- [Slate Cutter](https://roof.wiki/slate-cutter/): A lever-action shear, often called a guillotine, that trims roofing slates to size and may also punch nail holes.
- [Slate Ripper](https://roof.wiki/slate-ripper/): A long, thin steel blade with hooked notches used to reach under slates or tiles and cut or pull the hidden nails holding a damaged unit.
- [Slater's Hammer and Zax](https://roof.wiki/slaters-hammer/): Traditional slating hand tools: the slater's hammer drives nails, punches holes and trims slate; the zax is a bladed cutter with a punch point.
- [Utility Knife with Hook Blade](https://roof.wiki/hook-blade-utility-knife/): A retractable or fixed utility knife fitted with hook-shaped blades for pull-cutting asphalt shingles, roofing felt and membranes.